Studies of Jet Fuel Thermal Stability, Oxidation, and Additives Using an Isothermal Oxidation Apparatus Equipped with an Oxygen Sensor

Abstract

An isothermal oxidation apparatus (IOA) has been modified to include an oxygen sensor so that both oxidation and deposition data can be measured for jet fuels that are thermally stressed. This modification is useful for comparing the relative oxidation rates of jet fuels and fuels blended with additives. Antioxidants can be evaluated in this apparatus by comparing the delay in the onset of oxidation at a given temperature in a fast oxidizing fuel. Other additive types, such as dispersants, can be evaluated by their ability to reduce deposition.

Thermophysical properties measurements and models for rocket propellant RP-1:

“…[10] Thermal decomposition of dodecylbenzene Chin et al [11] Thermal stability of four kerosine-type fuels Chin and Lefebvre [12] For characterizing the thermal oxidative tendencies of aviation fuels Chin and Lefebvre [13] Thermal stability characteristics of kerosine-type fuels Chin and Lefebvre [14] Thermal stability characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels Edwards and Zabarnick [15] Surface deposition (fouling) of jet fuels Giovanetti et al [16] Thermal stability and heat-transfer characteristics of several hydrocarbon fuels Goel and Boehman [17] Jet fuel degradation in flow reactors Grinstead and Zabarnick [18] Oxidn. and deposition data for jet fuels Han-Ying [19] Thermal stability of kerosene Heneghan et al [20] Jet fuel thermal stability Heneghan and Harrison [21] development of an improved JP-8…”

Testing of Baker Flo-XS Pipeline Drag-Reducing Additive. Compilation of Tests and Results

“…The effect of an additive is based on the difference between the bulk insolubles formed from the neat fuel and the bulk insolubles formed from the additized fuel. Repeatability of the ICOT test is + /-20% [4]. Within the uncertainty of the test, the addition of 35.2 ppm POSF-3597 results in ICOT insolubles that are the same as, or lower than, the baseline fuels in all but one fuel.…”

Multidimensional GC using planar microfluidic devices for the characterization of phenolic antioxidants in fuels

“…In the absence of additives, commercially available fuels like aviation gas, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, and those from the petrochemical processing are unstable. The oxidative degradation products formed by the auto‐oxidation process are one of the leading problems associated with utilization of modern transportation fuels . For gasoline and diesel, one might reasonably predict the period of time between product manufacture and consumption based on the fuel producers’ historical data.…”

“…The amount of antioxidants added has to be accurate in order to be effective yet economical, while not altering the characteristics of the fuel. Auto‐oxidation of hydrocarbons in the liquid phase goes through multiple steps including initiation, propagation, and termination . The antioxidants used for the improvement of the fuel chemical stability are inhibitors of hydrocarbon radical chain oxidation.…”

“…In general, they have lower freezing points than the pure materials. As a result, alkyl phenols suffer fewer adverse side‐effects than the diamine type and have become the additives of choice for a wide variety of fuels by many fuel producers, sold under different popular commercial names like AO‐7, AO‐29, and AO‐37, to name a few .…”