“…It is also the most expensive model, unlike the (SKE) model. Norwazan and Mohd Jaafar [45] have focused on the effects of flow axial and tangential velocities to obtain the centre recirculation zone. The Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) of various models approached with standard k-ε, realizable k-ε, and RNG k-ε turbulence was applied in this study.…”