“…This is in line with research showing that boys are more likely than girls to be involved in delinquency between the ages of 12 and 15 (Smith & McAra, 2004). In addition, register based studies from Nordic countries show that youths of ethnic minority background were overrepresented in registered offenders (Klement, 2020;Salmi et al, 2015). Such differences could be explained by differences in social background, neighborhood resources (Hällsten et al, 2013), or weaker parental monitoring among immigrant parents (Salmi et al, 2015), but consideration should also be given to the possibility that such difference could be attributed to racial bias among police and court system (Holmberg & Kyvsgaard, 2003) Importantly, 70% of the sample in both groups of youths did not go to school, and/or was in a school setting which increased the risk of marginalization.…”