Studies of Folic Acid Compounds in Nature. IV. Folic Acid Compounds in Soybeans and Cow Milk

Shin, Yoon S.; Kim, E. S.; Watson, J. E.; Stokstad, E. L. R.

doi:10.1139/o75-047

Cited by 42 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The sustained expression of GCPII in the jejunal mucosa along with the decline in ileal mucosa during postnatal development is similar to that of other brush border membrane hydrolases, such as amino-oligopeptidase, which increases in jejunal mucosa and decreases in ileal mucosa at weaning in rats (24). Since milk folates are primarily found as 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolates in the polyglutamyl form (19,27), newborn pig intestine may express GCPII along the entire small intestine to maximize mucosal hydrolysis of the large influx of polyglutamyl folates from milk. At weaning (3 wk), piglets transition from milk polyglutamyl folates to monoglutamyl folic acid, which is found in pig chow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Postnatal ontogeny of intestinal GCPII and the RFC in pig

Shafizadeh¹,

Halsted²

2009

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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In humans and pigs, hydrolysis of dietary polyglutamyl folates is carried out by intestinal brush border folate hydrolase [glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII)], whereas the transport of the monoglutamyl folate derivatives occurs via the intestinal brush border reduced folate carrier (RFC). The study objective was to measure the expression of intestinal GCPII and RFC during postnatal development of pigs and their effects on plasma and liver folate concentrations. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver, and plasma samples were collected from female Yorkshire pigs at birth, 24 h, 1 wk, 3 wk, and 6 mo (n=6 at each time point). GCPII mRNA transcripts and protein (normalized using beta-actin), and enzyme activity (normalized per mg mucosal protein) were highest in all segments of small intestine at birth and were undetectable in ileum after 1 wk, whereas jejunal protein and activity predominated at 6 mo. RFC mRNA transcripts were present in all segments of small intestine at birth and declined significantly throughout development to 6 mo. Conversely, RFC protein increased twofold during the first 24 h and remained constant throughout development in all segments of small intestine. Liver RFC mRNA transcripts were detected at birth but were reduced by 6 mo. Liver folate concentration increased throughout postnatal development, whereas plasma folate levels increased during the first 24 h but decreased over time, reflecting the pattern of RFC expression in small intestine. These findings show that intestinal GCPII and intestinal and hepatic RFC all exhibit ontogenic changes in the pig that are reflected in postnatal folate status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Postnatal ontogeny of intestinal GCPII and the RFC in pig

Shafizadeh¹,

Halsted²

2009

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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“…The polyglutamyl chain in soybean contains about 50% monoglutamate and the rest is formed by di‐ to heptaglutamate, mainly in the form of 5‐formyltetrahydrofolate (85%) and 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate (15%) 20. The thermal stability of 5‐formyltetrahydrofolate was found to be much higher than that of 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate 21.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of folate losses in soybean during the preparation of tempeh and soymilk

2002

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The changes in undeconjugated and total folate content of soybean during various stages of tempeh and soymilk preparation were studied. Total folate was extracted by the tri-enzyme technique. The ratio of total folate to undeconjugated folate was compared in all samples. Raw soybeans used for tempeh and soymilk preparation contained 4.04 and 4.50 mg total folate kg À1 respectively. Soaking and boiling soybean caused a significant loss of folate during tempeh and soymilk preparation. Leaching was identified as the major cause of folate loss, as soaking and cooking waters were found to contain a large amount of folate. Rhizopus fermentation of boiled soybean caused an increase of 68 and 100% in undeconjugated and total folate contents respectively. Frying reduced the folate content of tempeh significantly. Milling of boiled soybean in soymilk preparation significantly reduced the undeconjugated folate content of blanched soybean but increased the total folate. UHT treatment of soymilk caused a loss of 9 and 14% of undeconjugated and total folates respectively. The total folate content of deep-fried tempeh and soymilk was 2.35 and 2.76 mg kg À1 respectively. Analysed values are expressed on a dry weight basis.

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“…5-formyl THF together with 5-MTHF, 10-formyl folic acid and folic acid were identified in cereals (Pfeiffer et al 1997) whereas our study found only 5-MTHF in most of the cereal preparations (cooked parboiled rice, chapatti, poori, uppuma, noodles, bhelpuri, vegetable biriyani) with exceptions being homemade dosa and idli showing 5-formyl THF to be the predominant form, probably contributed by the black gram (Vigna mungo) dhal added to the preparation. Earlier studies on legumes have shown that 5-MTHF was the predominant form in soyabeans (Shin et al 1975) and lima beans (Seyoum and Selhub 1993). Differences in the methodology for analyzing the native folates, detection and quantitation limits can contribute to differences in the folate forms identified in the same samples.…”

Section: Analysed Folate Forms In Foods Using Lc-ms/msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally occurring folates in selected traditionally prepared foods in Southern India

Vishnumohan

Pickford²,

Arcot

2017

J Food Sci Technol

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A wide range of Indian foods (cereals, pulses, vegetables and milk based preparations) were analysed for five folate vitamers naturally present in the foods (n = 44). A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method using reversed phase chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, coupled via positive mode electrospray ionization was used for the detection and quantification of the vitamers. The optimized LC-MS/MS method was capable of analysing the five most commonly-occurring folates (folic acid, 5-methyl tetrahydrofolic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid, 10-formyl folic acid and 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid) in 20 min. Quantification of folates was performed using C labelled internal standards. 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate was predominant in cereals, pulses and vegetable preparations. Fermented cereal preparations, beverages (coffee and tea) and green leafy vegetables were the main sources contributing to 5-formyl THF. Folic acid was identified in home-made yoghurt. All the values obtained in the present study using LC-MS/MS were compared to the total folate analysed using the microbiological assay in 2010 to generate data on the same foods. Findings suggest that the data obtained using both techniques showed agreement in the values (total folate calculated by adding the individual vitamers in the case of the LC-MS/MS values) particularly when foods were predominant in 5 methyl tetrahydrofolate.

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Studies of Folic Acid Compounds in Nature. IV. Folic Acid Compounds in Soybeans and Cow Milk

Cited by 42 publications

References 2 publications

Postnatal ontogeny of intestinal GCPII and the RFC in pig

Postnatal ontogeny of intestinal GCPII and the RFC in pig

Comparison of folate losses in soybean during the preparation of tempeh and soymilk

Naturally occurring folates in selected traditionally prepared foods in Southern India

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