Studies of cultivated plants in Choco dwelling clearings, Darien, panama

Variation in carbon storage among tree species: Implications for the management of a small-scale carbon sink project

“…A further benefit of agroforestrybased reforestation is that it represents a traditional Embera land use (Covich and Nickerson, 1966;De Arauz, 1970) and could therefore be developed and implemented using local expertise (De Jong et al, 1995).…”

Huastec noncrop resource management: Implications for prehistoric rain forest management

“…Ethnographers generally have treated indigenous tropical American agriculture and plant management in such terms, although some focus on the processes that produce the milpa and garden structures (see Nigh, 1976). Covich and Nickerson (1966) allude to change and variation in Panamanian Choco dooryard gardens, but they limit their focus to plants "cultivated" in dooryards that fade into the surrounding "grassy vegetation" against a background of "essentially undisturbed" forest. They mention "abandoned" cocoa and avocado "plantings .... overshadowed" by the forest, but only to suggest that dooryard plants could likewise survive during the frequent extended absences of their owners.…”

The Cuban homegarden ?conuco?: a perspective environment for evolution and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources

“…While discussing the structure of the 'conuco' at La Cuevita , we stated that it is sometimes difficult to differentiate the limits of the 'conuco' and the forest . The same was stressed by Covich & Nickerson (1966) in their studies of homegardens in Panama, where it was impossible to provide a clear differentiation between cultivated, protected and wild species in the complex homegardenforest . Missen (1972) considered that the similarity of structures between tropical forests and homegardens provides also similarities in functions, because the effects of rain are reduced, the soil erosion, mineralization and temperature are controlled, the production of humus is promoted and weeds are suppressed.…”