Studies of Chloroplast Development in Euglena. V. Pigment Biosynthesis, Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution and Carbon Dioxide Fixation during Chloroplast Development

Stern, Arthur I.; Schiff, Jerome A.; Epstein, Herman T.

doi:10.1104/pp.39.2.220

Cited by 168 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Cur0 teno id forination When normal dark-grown resting organisms were exposed to light, carotenoid levels did not change significantly during the first 1 2 to 14 h of development (Stern et al 1964b). The initial carotenoid levels were the same in streptomycin treated and untreated organisms up to this time but further carotenoid accumulation was inhibited ( Table I ) .…”

Section: J G B O V a R N I C K A N D O T H E R S R E S U L T S A N mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The development of photosynthetic CO,.fixation in the presence of strcpfotnycin Stern et al (1964b) have described the normal appearance of photosynthetic competence during chloroplast development in Euglena and have shown that net photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation can be detected by 6 h development, with net oxygen evolution detectable at about 3 to 4 h development (Schiff, 1963). As with chlorophyll, photosynthetic capacity as measured by CO, fixation increased slowly for nearly 1 2 h, after which the increase became much more rapid.…”

Section: Grcwi-coloiiy Fortizing Abilit)' Of Notdividing Organisinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All manipulations of dark-grown algae were done under a green safelight (Schiff,I 972). Dark-grown resting organisms were obtained as described previously (Stern, Schiff & Epstein, 1964b) by using the pH 6-8 resting medium (Holowinsky & Schiff, 1970), since a relatively high pM was required to facilitate streptomycin entry. Conditions for normal chloroplast development, including illuniination, have been described (Stern,Epstein & Schiff,1 9 6 4~) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were measured as described by Stern et al (1964b). Photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation was assayed as described previously (Diamond & Schiff,I 970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cultures were divided after three days on resting medium with one-half of the culture receiving streptomycin and the other half serving as a control. They were immediately placed in the light to allow chloroplast development to take place (Stern et al 1964b); the time of light exposure is defined as zero time of development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Events Surrounding the Early Development of Euglena Chloroplasts: Experiments with Streptomycin in Non-dividing Cells

Bovarnick

Chang

Schiff

et al. 1974

Journal of General Microbiology

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The concentration of streptomycin (Sm) which selectively inhibits light-induced chloroplast development in non-dividing Euglena is the same as that which induces the loss of green-colony forming ability in dividing organisms. This concentration of Sm has no effect on division or viability. Chlorophyll synthesis is insensitive to streptomycin for the first 1 2 h of development but is strongly inhibited after this time. Between 72 and 96 h after the beginning of chloroplast development, Sm-treated organisms contain 10 yo of the chlorophyll and 24 of the carotenoids of algae developing in the absence of the antibiotic. The chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio in treated organisms at 72 to 96 h is 0.9, the same as is found at 1 2 h for organisms developing in the absence of Sm. In the presence of streptomycin, Euglena never develops the ability to fix CO, photosynthetically, although CO, fixation after I 2 h of development in the absence of the antibiotic can be readily detected. At I 2 h of chloroplast development the following parameters are at comparable levels in Sm-treated and untreated organisms: the bound forms of chlorophyll, concentration of cytochrome 552, the activities of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase, NADP-triose phosphate dehydrogenase, the enzymes converting ribose-yphosphate to ribulose diphosphate, and photosystem I1 activity measured as dye reduction.

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Section: J G B O V a R N I C K A N D O T H E R S R E S U L T S A N mentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Grcwi-coloiiy Fortizing Abilit)' Of Notdividing Organisinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were measured as described by Stern et al (1964b). Photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation was assayed as described previously (Diamond & Schiff,I 970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Events Surrounding the Early Development of Euglena Chloroplasts: Experiments with Streptomycin in Non-dividing Cells

Bovarnick

Chang

Schiff

et al. 1974

Journal of General Microbiology

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The developmental aspect of chloroplast continuity inEuglena

Schiff

Zeldin

1968

J. Cell. Physiol.

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Since Euglena gracilis Klebs var. bacillaris Pringsheim contains a species of DNA unique to the chloroplast, a n important question concerns the extent to which light unblocks the reading of the organelle's template to provide the informational RNA's necessary to construct the plastid proteins. Experiments with s z P~ labeling of chloroplast and nonchloroplast RNA's during light-induced chloroplast development show that both the RNA of the chloroplast and of the rest of the cell become labeled during this process, with the chloroplast RNA's displaying the higher specific activity. The fact that chloroplast RNA is not uniquely labeled indicates that processes other than a simple reading of the chloroplast DNA are involved. If we are to preserve the concept of a reasonable degree of chloroplast informational autonomy, we may assume, from this and other data, that the light induction of chloroplast development involves not only the unblocking of chloroplast DNA to make information available, but also a concomitant unblocking of other sites of informational RNA synthesis (e.g., nuclear and mitochondrial DNA's). Such sites external to the developing chloroplast may be concerned with making available the building blocks and energy necessary for the synthesis of chloroplast constituents coded for by the chloroplast DNA. This model leads to the prediction that photosynthesis could be gratuitous for chloroplast development if these nonchloroplast sites were providing most of the building blocks and energy. Experiments are reported which show that chloroplast formation and the acquisition of photosynthetic competence can be achieved under conditions where photosynthesis is completely inhibited for the entire span of development by using the highly selective inhibitor 3,(3,4-dichlorophenyl) 1, 1-dimethyl urea (DCMU), in agreement with the proposed model. The fact that more than just the chloroplast responds to the inducing signals for chloroplast differentiation raises the problem of experimental measurement of interaction among cellular organelles. Since chloroplast development is usually carried out in resting cells to avoid complications due to cell division, we discuss the limitations imposed by turnover in such nondividing systems and present evidence that most of the RNA labeling observed, although actinomycin-D-sensitive, is due to turnover and/or the utilization of preexisting pools. Evidence obtained with mutants of Euglena that form only partial chloroplasts or that lack plastid DNA and plastid-related structures is reported. Such evidence indicates that the functional proplastid restrains overall RNA labeling in the uninduced cells and suggests that the proplastid might be the source of regulatory metabolic signals in the normal plastid-containing cells.

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Development of Proplastids and Accumulation of LHCP II Apo-Protein in Golgi and Thylakoids of Dark-Grown Wax-Rich Cells of Euglena Gracilis at Low Light Intensities seen by Immuno-Electron Microscopy

Osafune¹,

Sumida²,

Ehara³

et al. 1992

Regulation of Chloroplast Biogenesis

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Studies of Chloroplast Development in Euglena. V. Pigment Biosynthesis, Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution and Carbon Dioxide Fixation during Chloroplast Development

Cited by 168 publications

References 22 publications

Events Surrounding the Early Development of Euglena Chloroplasts: Experiments with Streptomycin in Non-dividing Cells

Events Surrounding the Early Development of Euglena Chloroplasts: Experiments with Streptomycin in Non-dividing Cells

The developmental aspect of chloroplast continuity inEuglena

Development of Proplastids and Accumulation of LHCP II Apo-Protein in Golgi and Thylakoids of Dark-Grown Wax-Rich Cells of Euglena Gracilis at Low Light Intensities seen by Immuno-Electron Microscopy

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