Studies of brine chemistry, precipitation of solids, and scale formation at the Salton Sea geothermal field

Harrar, J.E.; Otto, Christopher; Deutscher, S.B.; Ryon, Richard W.; Tardiff, G.E.

doi:10.2172/6070283

Cited by 10 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…This can be good for reducing thermal losses through transport pipes but bad for heat exchangers because it significantly reduces their effectiveness. Scale can also form a protective coating inside pipes, helping to inhibit corrosion (Harrar et al, 1979). Consequently, certain approaches taken to mitigate scale formation, such as acidification, may result in increased corrosion.…”

Section: Scale Formation and Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These different forms of scale typically impact different stages of the process, with sulfides and calcium carbonate usually precipitating early in the process and silica precipitating later, after the geofluid is concentrated through flashing or heat is removed in heat exchangers. Other minerals have also been known to contribute to scaling, including barite and fluorite (Harrar et al, 1979).…”

Section: Scale Formation and Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order of increasing solubility, these include: mercury, copper, lead, silver, iron, and zinc (Jackson and Hill, 1976). Sulfides of arsenic and antimony have also been observed (at the Salton Sea geothermal field) (Harrar et al, 1979). Sulfide scale formation is known to increase not just with decreasing temperature and increasing pH, but also under reduced (low-oxidation) conditions within the brine.…”

Section: Scale Formation and Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although generally of less concern than amorphous silica, silicon can also form complexes with various cations including iron, magnesium, calcium, and zinc (Stapleton, 2002). It has been suggested that controlling silica scale may reduce other forms of scale by acting as a substrate or nucleation site for other types of scale to form (Harrar et al, 1979).…”

Section: Scale Formation and Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Water use in the development and operation of geothermal power plants.

Clark¹,

Harto²,

Sullivan³

et al. 2010

129

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Section: Scale Formation and Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scale Formation and Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scale Formation and Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scale Formation and Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Water use in the development and operation of geothermal power plants.

Clark¹,

Harto²,

Sullivan³

et al. 2010

129

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“…Acidification by hydrochloric acid addition has been attempted in the Salton Sea geothermal fieldon a pilot scale, (Harrar et al, 1979). Grensand Owen (1977) reported that adding approximately 200 ppm of HCl to the brine could completely eliminate scalingata cost ,of 1 to '2mils/k.wh (about 6% of the value of the electricity produced).…”

Section: Acidifying the Brinementioning

confidence: 99%

Review and problem definition of water/rock reactions associated with injection of spent geothermal fluids from a geothermal plant into aquifers

Elders¹

1986

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Geothermal produced fluids: Characteristics, treatment technologies, and management options

Finster

Clark

Schroeder

et al. 2015

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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a b s t r a c tGeothermal power plants use geothermal fluids as a resource and create waste residuals as part of the power generation process. Both the geofluid resource and waste stream are considered produced fluids. The chemical and physical nature of produced fluids can have a major impact on the geothermal power industry and influence the feasibility of power development, exploration approaches, plant design, operating practices, and reuse/disposal of residuals. In general, produced fluids include anything that comes out of a geothermal field and must subsequently be managed on the surface. These fluids vary greatly, depending on the reservoir being harnessed, plant design, and life cycle stage in which the fluid exists, but generally include water and fluids used to drill wells, fluids used to stimulate wells in enhanced geothermal systems, and makeup and/or cooling water used during operation of a power plant. Additional geothermal-related produced fluids include many substances that are similar to waste streams from the oil and gas industry, such as scale, flash tank solids, precipitated solids from brine treatment, hydrogen sulfide, and cooling-tower-related waste.This review paper aims to provide baseline knowledge on specific technologies and technology areas associated with geothermal power production. Specifically, this research focused on management techniques related to fluids produced and used during the operational stage of a power plant, the vast majority of which are employed in the generation of electricity. The general characteristics of produced fluids are discussed. Constituents of interest that tend to drive the selection of treatment technologies are described, including total dissolved solids, noncondensable gases, scale, corrosion, silicon dioxide, metal sulfides, calcium carbonate, metals, and naturally occurring radioactive material. Management options for produced fluids that require additional treatment for these constituents are also discussed, including surface disposal; reuse/recycle; agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses; mineral extraction and recovery; and solid waste handling.

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Studies of brine chemistry, precipitation of solids, and scale formation at the Salton Sea geothermal field

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Water use in the development and operation of geothermal power plants.

Water use in the development and operation of geothermal power plants.

Review and problem definition of water/rock reactions associated with injection of spent geothermal fluids from a geothermal plant into aquifers

Geothermal produced fluids: Characteristics, treatment technologies, and management options

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