Studies of bone morphogenetic protein-based surgical repair

Sustained dual release of placental growth factor-2 and bone morphogenic protein-2 from heparin-based nanocomplexes for direct osteogenesis

“…the osteogenic effects is complex, mainly owing to the reversible, noncovalent interactions between heparin and heparin-binding GFs, which ensure minimal impact on GF structure. 13,30,37,39,43,44,[48][49][50][51][52] We demonstrated that the nanocomplexes in our study not only effectively loaded and sustained release of PlGF-2/BMP-2, but also maintained their bioactivities for bone regeneration. A key result in this study was the bioactivity of the released PlGF-2 being comparable to that of the released BMP-2, despite its dose being half that of BMP-2.…”

“…10,[24][25][26][27] A recent study by McCoy et al 10 indicated that PlGF-2 plays a concentration-dependent osteogenic role different from that of BMP-2. Intriguingly, in contrast to BMP-2, which at higher concentrations induces more obvious bone regeneration, 13 PlGF-2 acts in a more complex fashion. Briefly, while relatively high concentrations of PlGF-2 enhance angiogenesis and osteoclast recruitment and activation, low concentrations exhibit a direct osteogenic effect.…”

“…In this study, heparin acts as a "sandwich" or "double duty" component and interacts with HTCC to form highly stable polyelectrolyte complexes 37 that have been demonstrated to effectively load GFs and maintain their bioactivities. 13,30,44,46 The minimal initial release may be attributed to the release of GFs that were physically adsorbed onto the heparin-HCCT nanocomplexes. The degradation test proved the stability of the nanocomplexes (Table 4, Figure 4), and its results matched the sustained release pattern.…”

“…11,12 This large dose results in high costs and adverse effects, including inflammation, swelling, ectopic bone formation, and even carcinogenicity. 13 One feasible method to overcome these drawbacks is the selection of alternative GFs that enhance osteoregeneration at lower doses; another is the development of a GF delivery system that finds the ideal balance between releasing the GF at a minimal concentration and delivering it over a sufficiently long duration.…”

Development of a bioactive implant for repair and potential healing of cranial defects

“…A number of bioactive compounds, including bioceramics and osteo inductive cytokines, possess stimulatory effects on bone growth, but their usage is limited to healing fractures and smaller defects at orthotopic sites or in bone fusion proce dures. 13,24 Regeneration of larger segmental bone defects in humans is considerably more challenging. For these cases several operative procedures are generally needed and the reconstruction methods typically necessitate the use of scaffolds supplemented with autologous bone or cell transplantation to possibly gain healing response.…”