Studies in the Physiology of Latex

Gooding, E. G. B.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1952.tb06122.x

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Sufficient water supply to laticifer vessels is essential for both latex regeneration and latex flow [ 3 , 4 ]. Within the rubber tree phloem, the concentrically arranged mature laticifers are devoid of functional plasmodesmatal connections [ 22 ], thus the exchange of water between laticifers and surrounding tissues relies largely on the PIPs, especially the PIP2 subgroup since the PIP1 subgroup generally exhibits no or poor water transport activity [ 9 , 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, in response to Ethrel stimulation, the decrease in latex TSC and increase in latex yield by the CATAS8-79 rubber clone is limited when compared to the PR107 rubber clone. It has been suggested that the regeneration of rubber particles will be accelerated at a low latex concentration [ 3 ]. The results of our study suggest that PIP aquaporin expressions appears to be linked to the clonal characteristics of rubber tree latex TSC, yield potential and Ethrel stimulation response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water accounts for 60%–70% of the latex upon each tapping [ 2 ]. Sufficient water supply is essential for both latex regeneration and latex flow [ 3 , 4 ]. Therefore, any conditions favouring water supply of a rubber tree, especially water movement into phloem, could contribute to latex flow and production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of HbPIP2;3, a Latex-Abundant Water Transporter, Is Associated with Latex Dilution and Yield in the Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)

Zou

Cai

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) latex, the source of natural rubber, is synthesised in the cytoplasm of laticifers. Efficient water inflow into laticifers is crucial for latex flow and production since it is the determinant of the total solid content of latex and its fluidity after tapping. As the mature laticifer vessel rings are devoid of plasmodesmata, water exchange between laticifers and surrounding cells is believed to be governed by plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs). To identify the most important PIP aquaporin in the water balance of laticifers, the transcriptional profiles of ten-latex-expressed PIPs were analysed. One of the most abundant transcripts, designated HbPIP2;3, was characterised in this study. When tested in Xenopus laevis oocytes HbPIP2;3 showed a high efficiency in increasing plasmalemma water conductance. Expression analysis indicated that the HbPIP2;3 gene was preferentially expressed in latex, and the transcripts were up-regulated by both wounding and exogenously applied Ethrel (a commonly-used ethylene releaser). Although regular tapping up-regulated the expression of HbPIP2;3 during the first few tappings of the virginal rubber trees, the transcriptional kinetics of HbPIP2;3 to Ethrel stimulation in the regularly tapped tree exhibited a similar pattern to that of the previously reported HbPIP2;1 in the virginal rubber trees. Furthermore, the mRNA level of HbPIP2;3 was associated with clonal yield potential and the Ethrel stimulation response. Together, these results have revealed the central regulatory role of HbPIP2;3 in laticifer water balance and ethylene stimulation of latex production in Hevea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of HbPIP2;3, a Latex-Abundant Water Transporter, Is Associated with Latex Dilution and Yield in the Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)

Zou

Cai

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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“…73 exudation, the developmental age ofthe leaves and temporal variation. In other plants latex composition has been shown to be influenced by sampling time, site, procedure and environmental conditions (Curtis and Blondeau, 1946;Gooding, 1952;Buttery and Boatman, 1976). In this study, small sample size and controlled sampling times prevented potential errors due to latex dilution and variations in composition.…”

Section: Analysis Of Latex Triterpenoids-« Triterpe-mentioning

confidence: 89%

Latex and Laticifer Starch Content of Developing Leaves of Euphorbia Pulcherrima

Spilatro

Mahlberg

1986

American J of Botany

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Laticifer starch accumulation was compared to laticifer growth for developing leaves of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. (poinsettia). Measurements of the laticifer-specific triterpenol, cyc1oartenol, in latex and in whole leaf extracts were used to calculate the total latex volume in leaves of different developmental stages. Latex volume and starch concentration in the latex were used to determine totallaticifer starch and to compare laticifer growth and starch synthesis. Young leaves contained the highest latex and laticifer starch contents on dry wt and leaf area bases. In older expanding leaves, laticifer growth produced an increase in total latex volume accompanied by an increase in totallaticifer starch. Laticifer growth and starch accumulation stopped upon cessation of leaf expansion. Starch concentration was similar in latex from all leaves, but differed between plant organs. Thus, laticifer starch accumulation correlated with laticifer growth, but mobilization of the starch out of the laticifer was not observed in old or senescent leaves. This is evidence that laticifer starch grains function within the laticifer independently of degradation or export to other cell types.

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“…The endogenous ethylene induced by tapping and ethephon application results in two concurrent effects: increase in latex water content and increase in latex metabolism (D'Auzac and others 1993). The decrease of in situ latex TSC can generally activate the formation of rubber (Arisz 1928;Gooding 1952b;Schweizer 1949). However, the ultimate latex TSC depends on both latex dilution and latex regeneration.…”

Section: Ethephon Dilution Of Local Latex Tscmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ethephon Increases Rubber Tree Latex Yield by Regulating Aquaporins and Alleviating the Tapping-Induced Local Increase in Latex Total Solid Content

Rookes

Xie

et al. 2016

J Plant Growth Regul

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The concentration of phloem solute generally falls from leaves to roots. However, a local increase in latex total solid content (LILTSC) was identified near the tapping cut of rubber trees. To understand the mechanism of ethephon-stimulated latex yield, the formation and ethephon (an ethylene releaser) alleviation of the LILTSC near the tapping cut were examined. It was found that the LILTSC near the tapping cut of a tapped rubber tree was caused by the tapping-accelerated rubber biosynthesis which began following the first tapping and became significant after the fourth tapping. Ethephon stimulation markedly reduced the LILTSC. The latex yield change pattern upon ethephon stimulation was associated with the kinetic change of LILTSC and the decomposition dynamic of ethephon into ethylene. Once the LILTSC was reduced by ethylene release upon ethephon stimulation, the latex yield increased; however, when the ethylene release upon ethephon stimulation receded, the LILTSC was restored and the effect of ethephon stimulation dissipated. The reduction of LILTSC by ethephon stimulation could be ascribed to the translocation property of ethylene in plants and its regulation of aquaporins. Because maximum ethylene release upon tapping-cut-ethephon-application occured close to the tapping cut, the aquaporins were more upregulated in this region, leading to a reduction of the LILTSC and an increase in latex yield. All these results suggest that the LILTSC near the tapping cut was caused by tapping; the ethephon-induced aquaporin up-regulation and LILTSC reduction are involved in the mechanism of ethephon-promoted latex yield.

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Studies in the Physiology of Latex

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Regulation of HbPIP2;3, a Latex-Abundant Water Transporter, Is Associated with Latex Dilution and Yield in the Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)

Regulation of HbPIP2;3, a Latex-Abundant Water Transporter, Is Associated with Latex Dilution and Yield in the Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)

Latex and Laticifer Starch Content of Developing Leaves of Euphorbia Pulcherrima

Ethephon Increases Rubber Tree Latex Yield by Regulating Aquaporins and Alleviating the Tapping-Induced Local Increase in Latex Total Solid Content

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