Studies in the nature of character, [part] 1: Studies in deceit: book 1, General methods and results; book 2, Statistical methods and results.

Hartshorne, Hugh; May, Mark A.

doi:10.1037/13386-000

Cited by 52 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Our contention, however, is that this common factor is not an inner entity operating independently of the situations in which the individuals are placed but is a function of the situation in the sense that the individual behaves similarly in different situations in proportion as these situations are alike, have been experienced as common occasions for honest or dishonest behavior, and are comprehended as opportunities for deception or honesty.” (Hartshorne & May, 1928, p.385) .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Whole Trait Theory

Fleeson

Jayawickreme

2015

Journal of Research in Personality

672

655

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Personality researchers should modify models of traits to include mechanisms of differential reaction to situations. Whole Trait Theory does so via five main points. First, the descriptive side of traits should be conceptualized as density distributions of states. Second, it is important to provide an explanatory account of the Big 5 traits. Third, adding an explanatory account to the Big 5 creates two parts to traits, an explanatory part and a descriptive part, and these two parts should be recognized as separate entities that are joined into whole traits. Fourth, Whole Trait Theory proposes that the explanatory side of traits consists of social-cognitive mechanisms. Fifth, social-cognitive mechanisms that produce Big-5 states should be identified.

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confidence: 99%

“…The Hartshorne and May (1928) quote is at the end of their book, on p. 385, It represents their summary conclusion after full consideration of the evidence from their seminal study of cross-situational consistency in the moral behavior of children. Conversely to Allport, however, Hartshorne and May are “quite ready to recognize” traits.…”

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confidence: 99%

Whole Trait Theory

Fleeson

Jayawickreme

2015

Journal of Research in Personality

672

655

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“…Situational factors influence our behavior to an extent that commonsense wouldn't predict and which is shocking upon reflection (e.g. Hartshorne & May, 1928;Milgram, 1974;Darley & Batson, 1973). Although people's behavior is fairly consistent over time in very similar situations, it can be highly inconsistent across situations that differ in ways that we might ordinarily think are insignificant (Mischel & Peake, 1982).…”

Section: ! Situationism and Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epistemic Situationism and Cognitive Ability

Turri

2017

Epistemic Situationism

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Leading virtue epistemologists defend the view that knowledge must proceed from intellectual virtue and they understand virtues either as refined character traits cultivated by the agent over time through deliberate effort, or as reliable cognitive abilities. Philosophical situationists argue that results from empirical psychology should make us doubt that we have either sort of epistemic virtue, thereby discrediting virtue epistemology's empirical adequacy. I evaluate this situationist challenge and outline a successor to virtue epistemology: abilism. Abilism delivers all the main benefits of virtue epistemology and is as empirically adequate as any theory in philosophy or the social sciences could hope to be.

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“…However, the idea is that personality researchers need to modify their trait theories by including mechanisms of explicating reactions to different situations with different behaviors (e.g., Allport, 1968;Hartshorne & May, 1928). The question of "what mechanisms?"…”

Section: State-trait Relationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is an obvious similarity among these approaches, but to be honest I am disappointed that these authors, presenting such holistic and integrative models of personality, just incorporated traits with the status of dispositional tendencies in their theories. Having such useful terminology, they did not look "inside" personality traits to discover their "inner entity" (Hartshorne & May, 1928).…”

Section: What Is Specific About This Approach?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality Traits: Hierarchically Organized Systems

Fajkowska

2017

Journal of Personality

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Personality science has always been and is still ready for new theorizing on traits. Accordingly, this article presents the recently proposed traits as hierarchical systems (THS) model, where personality traits are not only the emergent properties of the three-level hierarchy of the personality system, but are also hierarchical per se. As hierarchical systems, they are organized into three levels: mechanisms and processes, structures, and behavioral markers. In this approach, trait denotes the underlying, recurrent mechanisms that pattern its structure and account for the stability/variability of individual characteristics. Here, traits might be described as processes with a slow rate of change that can be substituted for structure. The main function of personality traits, within the personality system, is stimulation processing. Three dominant functions of stimulation processing in traits are proposed: reactive, regulative, and self-regulative. Some important questions regarding the concept of trait remain, such as those concerning trait stability, determinacy, measurement, their relation to overt behaviors, personality type or state, and differentiation between temperament traits and other-than-temperament personality traits. All of these topics are discussed in this article, as well as the compatible and distinctive features of this approach in relation to selected modern trait theories.

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Studies in the nature of character, [part] 1: Studies in deceit: book 1, General methods and results; book 2, Statistical methods and results.

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Whole Trait Theory

Whole Trait Theory

Epistemic Situationism and Cognitive Ability

Personality Traits: Hierarchically Organized Systems

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