Studies in Temperature, Human Semen Quality, and Varicocele

Zorgniotti, Adrian W.; MacLeod, John

doi:10.1097/00006254-197408000-00023

Cited by 83 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…Agger (1971) noted small elevations over normal men and concluded that a tempera¬ ture increase could not be excluded in varicocoele patients. Zorgniotti & MacLeod (1973) showed significant increase in intrascrotal temperature (0-6-0-7°C) (Waites, 1970) and evaporation of a liquid (skin preparation) applied to the scrotum will alter temperature (Zorgniotti et al, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of intrascrotal temperature in normal and subfertile men

Zorgniotti¹,

Sealfon²

1988

Reproduction

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Summary. Intrascrotal temperatures were measured bilaterally by a non-invasive method in 300 subfertile men (mean sperm count 21 \m=.\4\m=x\ 106/ml) and 30 normospermic control men (mean sperm count 118\m=.\7\ m=x\106/ml). The subfertile men had mean (s.d.) temperatures of 34\m=.\7\s=deg\C (0\m=.\8) for the right and 34\m=.\8\s=deg\C (0\m=.\7) for the left testis. The value for both testes of the control men was 33\m=.\4\s=deg\C (0\m=.\6). The difference ( 1\ m=. \ 3\ p=n-\ 1\ m=. \ 4\ s=deg\ C) was significant (P = 0\m=.\03). An intrascrotal temperature of >34\m=.\1\s=deg\Cwas found in >83% of subfertile men, regardless of clinical diagnosis. This method can therefore be used to survey large numbers of men. We suggest that small intrinsic temperature increases may interfere with the ability of the testis to accommodate to environmental temperature stresses and so lead to abnormal semen and subfertility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of intrascrotal temperature in normal and subfertile men

Zorgniotti¹,

Sealfon²

1988

Reproduction

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“…10 -12 Cryptorchidism and varicocele of the spermatic veins are associated with male infertility, and their pathogenesis is attributed to thermal factors. 13,14 Although all cell types in the testis including germ cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells may be affected by the elevated temperature, effects on the germ cells have been most extensively investigated. The earliest cellular changes noticed in experimentally cryptorchid testes are in early pachytene spermatocytes and early spermatids.…”

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confidence: 99%

Decreased Expression of Mouse Rbm3, a Cold-Shock Protein, in Sertoli Cells of Cryptorchid Testis

Danno

Itoh

Matsuda

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Pathology

102

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Physiological scrotal hypothermia is necessary for normal spermatogenesis and fertility in mammals. Human RNA binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) is structurally highly similar to the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (Cirp), and both mRNAs are induced in human cells at the scrotal temperature (32°C). We report here the cloning of mouse Rbm3 cDNA, which encoded an 18-kd protein with 94% identity in amino acid sequence to that of human RBM3. In the testis of adult mice, Rbm3 mRNA and protein were detected in Sertoli cells, but not germ cells, of seminiferous tubules at all stages. The expression was not observed in Sertoli cells of fetuses, but was observed in newborn and older mice. In the TAMA26 mouse Sertoli cell line, the Rbm3 expression level was increased or decreased within 12 hours after temperature shift from 37°C to 32°C or 39°C, respectively. In contrast to Cirp, the cold-induced growth suppression of TAMA26 cells was not affected by suppression of the Rbm3 expression. When mouse testis was exposed to heat stress by experimental cryptorchidism, the level of

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“…Longer periods of time since the previous ejaculation (abstinence time), for example, are associated with higher sperm counts, higher semen volumes and a higher percentage of sperm displaying abnormal morphology. Other sources of variability include: scrotal temperature, 3 season of the year, 4 smoking status, 5 marijuana use 6 and geographic region. 7 Although some studies of semen parameter values have attempted to control for some of these variables, many have not, which seriously compromises the conclusions that can be drawn from such studies.…”

Section: Methodological Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in global semen parameter values

Fisch¹,

Braun²

2013

Asian J Androl

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llegations for a worldwide decline in semen parameter values have not withstood scientific scrutiny. Methodological flaws in an influential 1992 paper are summarized here, and studies that have been published since 1992 are reviewed. Of the 35 major studies of time trends in semen quality reviewed here, eight (a total of 18 109 men) suggest a decline in semen quality; 21 (112 386 men) show either no change or an increase in semen quality; and six (26 007 men) show ambiguous or conflicting results. The cause (or causes) of the geographical and temporal variations in semen parameter values reported by these diverse studies deserve further investigation.This paper critically examines two related scientific assertions: that there have been worldwide declines in semen quality in recent decades and that these declines are related to environmental exposure to minute levels of 'endocrine disruptors' (chemicals that exhibit some degree of estrogen-like activity in the body). The data supporting these assertions will be demonstrated to be weak, at best. Reported declines in semen parameter values are likely to be either highly local phenomena with an unknown etiology or the result of methodological errors arising from attempts to observe highly variable physical attributes (semen characteristics) with relatively lowresolution tools (retrospective analysis of nonrandomized study populations). METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGESFor many reasons, semen may be the most poorly understood bodily fluid, in terms of the distribution of its normal values in the general population. One problem is the relative difficulty of obtaining human semen for scientific analysis. The fact that semen is most readily obtained by masturbation poses significant logistical barriers to objective, randomized, longitudinal studies of semen parameters in community-dwelling men. For example, participation rates in the few studies that have attempted to assess semen quality in non-infertile men have typically been ,20%).

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Studies in Temperature, Human Semen Quality, and Varicocele

Cited by 83 publications

References 0 publications

Measurement of intrascrotal temperature in normal and subfertile men

Measurement of intrascrotal temperature in normal and subfertile men

Decreased Expression of Mouse Rbm3, a Cold-Shock Protein, in Sertoli Cells of Cryptorchid Testis

Trends in global semen parameter values

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