Studies in Shigellosis. V. The Relationship of Age to the Incidence of Shigella Infections in Egyptian Children, with Special Reference to Shigellosis in the Newborn and in Infants in the First Six Months of Life 1

Floyd, Thomas M.; Higgins, Ann; Kader, Md. Abdul

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1956.5.119

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Prospective longitudinal studies in developing countries have shown that there may be as many as two episodes of Shigella infections annually among infants and children less than four years of age, and that Shigella flexneri continues to be the most frequent cause of shigellosis (18,19). Prospective longitudinal studies in developing countries have shown that there may be as many as two episodes of Shigella infections annually among infants and children less than four years of age, and that Shigella flexneri continues to be the most frequent cause of shigellosis (18,19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology ofShigella infections in two ethnic groups in a geographic region in Southern Israel

Finkelman

Yagupsky

Fraser

et al. 1994

Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.

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The epidemiology of shigellosis in the Jewish and Bedouin populations that coexist in the same geographic region in southern Israel and share the same medical facilities but live separately under different socioeconomic conditions was examined in a retrospective, culture-based study. The average annual attack rate for the four-year period 1989-1992 was 368/100,000 inhabitants. The average annual attack rate among the Jews, who enjoy Western socioeconomic conditions, was 413/100,000 and the disease showed summer and winter peaks. Shigella sonnei caused 3,336 of 4,560 (73.2%) attacks in this group, and the attack rate of Shigella flexneri decreased during the study period. Among the Bedouins, many of whom live in poverty and overcrowding, a single annual summer peak was observed, the average annual attack rate being 197/100,000 and Shigella flexneri caused 389 of 583 episodes (66.7%). Resistance to ampicillin or tetracycline was noted in 57% of all Shigella isolates, and 82% were resistant to cotrimoxazole. It is concluded that shigellosis is highly endemic in southern Israel, resistance to antimicrobial drugs is common and living conditions of the population influence the seasonal occurrence of the disease and select for morbidity with specific organisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology ofShigella infections in two ethnic groups in a geographic region in Southern Israel

Finkelman

Yagupsky

Fraser

et al. 1994

Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.

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“…The information on water supply comes from studies in Fresno County in the USA (Hollister et al 1955) and studies in Egyptian villages which show how important it is to have the water supply close to the home, and to increase the volume rather than the quality. Rates of Shigella and diarrhoeal disease are drastically reduced just by introducing a water supply (Floyd et al 1956). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast‐Feeding, Weaning and the Diarrhoeal Syndrome in a Guatemalan Indian Village

Mata

Kronmal

García

et al. 1976

Ciba Foundation Symposium 42 ‐ Acute Diarrhoea in Childhood

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Prospective studies in Mayan Indian children living in their natural setting were carried out from 1964 through 1974; observations began at birth and extended at least throughout the first three years of life. Adequate growth and survival were characteristic of exclusively breast-fed infants in the first months of life. Despite the high rate of infection, children exhibited a considerable resistance to intestinal protozoa, enterobacteriaceae and enteric viruses. Resistance against colonic invaders is attributed to the bifidus flora, and that against agents acting in the small bowel, to specific antibodies present in colostrum and milk. Diarrhoeal disease was least in this period and increased with weaning to reach maximum peaks at the time of weaning. The protracted weaning consisted of progressive administration of foods of low biological value given under deficient sanitary conditions. The nutrient value of the diet as a function of the child's weight was adequate in protein but in most cases it was markedly deficient in calories. Infectious diseases, particulaily diarrhoea, were found associated with pronounced reductions in the already deficient calorie intake. Infection and infectious disease were common particularly during the first 6 to 18 months of life. Weight loss was a frequent finding during and after episodes of disease. The consequence of the malnutrition-infection interaction is a marked stunting of growth, clearly evident from examination of the growth curves of village children. Nutrient intake did not correlate with growth velocity. By contrast, the duration of breast-feeding was strongly associated with growth in the linear segment of the curve, while in the period of faster growth the correlation was inverse. On the other hand, morbidity was inversely correlated with calorie and protein intake and this was more obvious in the second than in the first year of life. The data indicate that infection is one of the leading factors associated with reduced calorie (and protein) intakes during the critical period of onset of malnutrition and mortality in childhood. By preventing infection, particularly diarrhoea, the food intake, nutrition and growth of children could be significantly improved. 311

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“…We proposed that a critical level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) domain of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum confers immunity to Shigella by inactivating the inoculum on the intestinal epithelium (35,36). This hypothesis provides an explanation for the age-related incidence of shigellosis and the typespecific immunity it confers (17,33,35,36). Newborns, infants, and adults are relatively resistant compared to children, who have a high incidence of shigellosis (15,17,35).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This hypothesis provides an explanation for the age-related incidence of shigellosis and the typespecific immunity it confers (17,33,35,36). Newborns, infants, and adults are relatively resistant compared to children, who have a high incidence of shigellosis (15,17,35). A vaccine for shigellosis, therefore, will have to confer immunity to young children (3,35).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment with Succinic Anhydride Improves the Immunogenicity ofShigella flexneriType 2a O-Specific Polysaccharide–Protein Conjugates in Mice

et al. 1999

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Seroepidemiological data and a clinical trial with a Shigella sonnei O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP)–Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein A (rEPA) conjugate provide evidence that a critical level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibodies in serum confers protection against shigellosis. We evaluated the immunogenicity of conjugates whose carrier proteins and O-SPs were treated with succinic anhydride (SA), which reacts with amino groups at neutral pH to form amide-linked carboxyls (succinylation). Conjugates were synthesized with either of two genetically inactivated medically useful toxins, the diphtheria protein CRM9 or rEPA, bound to the O-SP ofShigella flexneri type 2a. Conjugates composed of the succinylated protein, succinylated O-SP, or both succinylated components were administered to mice by a clinically relevant scheme, and their levels of serum IgG anti-LPS and anti-proteins were assayed 7 days after the second and third injections. CRM9 served as a more immunogenic carrier than rEPA. Conjugates composed of succinylated components were more immunogenic than the conjugates composed of the native components. SA treatment of both the carrier protein and the O-SP did not confer an advantage over the succinylated protein alone. Conjugates prepared with native proteins, in general, elicited slightly higher levels of IgG protein antibodies than conjugates composed of the SA-treated proteins.

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Studies in Shigellosis. V. The Relationship of Age to the Incidence of Shigella Infections in Egyptian Children, with Special Reference to Shigellosis in the Newborn and in Infants in the First Six Months of Life 1

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Epidemiology ofShigella infections in two ethnic groups in a geographic region in Southern Israel

Epidemiology ofShigella infections in two ethnic groups in a geographic region in Southern Israel

Breast‐Feeding, Weaning and the Diarrhoeal Syndrome in a Guatemalan Indian Village

Treatment with Succinic Anhydride Improves the Immunogenicity ofShigella flexneriType 2a O-Specific Polysaccharide–Protein Conjugates in Mice

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