Studies in Human Subjects on Active Immunization Against Poliomyelitis

Salk, Jonas; Bennett, B. M.; Lewis, L. James; Ward, Elsie N.; Youngner, Julius S.

doi:10.1001/jama.1953.13.1081

Cited by 187 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…The histological picture was a typical oil granuloma. Reports of injection site pain were uncommon and generally mild (Lindblad 2000;Salk 1953;Salk and Salk 1977;Salk et al 1952Salk et al , 1953. The use of FIA in human vaccines was discontinued in the mid1960s because of concerns of safety.…”

Section: Clinical Signs-pain and Distressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvants and Antibody Production: Dispelling the Myths Associated with Freund's Complete and Other Adjuvants

Stils¹

2005

ILAR Journal

343

243

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Adjuvants have been used for more than 70 yr to enhance the immune response of the host animal to an antigen. Among the mechanisms that adjuvants use to enhance the immune response are the "depot" effect, antigen presentation, antigen targeting, immune activation/modulation, and cytotoxic lymphocyte induction. The immunostimulatory properties of adjuvants result in inflammation, tissue destruction, and the potential for resulting pain and distress in the host animal. The inflammatory lesions produced by adjuvants such as Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) have led some to conclude that pain and distress are present, even in cases where the scientific evidence fails to support this conclusion. Recommendations and regulations in the literature, based on available scientific evidence, provide guidance on total adjuvant volumes, volumes per site, routes of injection, booster injections, and adjuvants used for antibody production. Among the numerous adjuvants that are used for experimental antibody production reviewed in this article, many claim to be less inflammatory, tissue destructive, and painful than FCA while producing equal or superior antibody responses. Although no adjuvant surpasses FCA for experimental antibody production against a wide range of antigenic molecules, many produce excellent antibody responses with less inflammation and tissue destruction. Balancing the requisite degree of immuno-stimulation and the extent of inflammation, necrosis, and potential pain and distress requires consideration of the nature of the antigen, the host immune responsiveness, the adjuvant's mechanisms of action, and the desired end-product. In cases where the antigen is a weak immunogen or has a very limited availability, the type and role of adjuvant becomes a critical component in producing an acceptable immune response and humoral antibody response.

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Section: Clinical Signs-pain and Distressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvants and Antibody Production: Dispelling the Myths Associated with Freund's Complete and Other Adjuvants

Stils¹

2005

ILAR Journal

343

243

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“…43,44 Since 2010, a number of randomized controlled trials have been performed ( Table 1). Jet injectors are needle-free devices that use a gas propulsion system to deliver vaccine by an ID, IM, or SC route.…”

Section: Poliovirus Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

Intradermal vaccination for infants and children

Saitoh

Aizawa

2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Intradermal (ID) vaccination induces a more potent immune response and requires lower vaccine doses as compared with standard vaccination routes. To deliver ID vaccines effectively and consistently, an ID delivery device has been developed and is commercially available for adults. The clinical application of ID vaccines for infants and children is much anticipated because children receive several vaccines, on multiple occasions, during infancy and childhood. However, experience with ID vaccines is limited and present evidence is sparse and inconsistent. ID delivery devices are not currently available for infants and children, but recent studies have examined skin thickness in this population and reported that it did not differ in proportion to body size in infants, children, and adults. These results are helpful in developing new ID devices and for preparing new vaccines in infants and children.

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“…Poliomyelitis has nearly been eradicated (Minor, 2012b) and the main tool in the global programme initiated in 1988 (WHO, 1988) has been the live attenuated vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and used since the early 1960s. Many other vaccines both killed (Salk, 1953) and live were explored in the 1950s and the inactivated vaccine of Salk in its modern form is playing an increasing role in the end game, mainly because the live vaccine is based on an attenuated form of the wild type virulent virus which can change. The development of a live attenuated vaccine depended on an adequate and widely accepted understanding of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis which was not present in the early period.…”

Section: Poliovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges

2015

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Live attenuated vaccines against human viral diseases have been amongst the most successful cost effective interventions in medical history. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980; poliomyelitis is nearing global eradication and measles has been controlled in most parts of the world. Vaccines function well for acute diseases such as these but chronic infections such as HIV are more challenging for reasons of both likely safety and probable efficacy. The derivation of the vaccines used has in general not been purely rational except in the sense that it has involved careful clinical trials of candidates and subsequent careful follow up in clinical use; the identification of the candidates is reviewed.

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Studies in Human Subjects on Active Immunization Against Poliomyelitis

Cited by 187 publications

References 0 publications

Adjuvants and Antibody Production: Dispelling the Myths Associated with Freund's Complete and Other Adjuvants

Adjuvants and Antibody Production: Dispelling the Myths Associated with Freund's Complete and Other Adjuvants

Intradermal vaccination for infants and children

Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges

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