Studies in Edema. Ii. The Effect of Congestive Heart Failure on Saliva Electrolyte Concentrations

Abstract

In congestive heart failure the urinary excretion of sodium and chloride following the administration of sodium chloride is decreased as compared with the normal (1-4). Similarly, the sweat concentration of sodium chloride has been shown to be lower than normal in cases of congestive heart failure (5). To explore the frequency of these disturbances of electrolyte excretion it seemed of interest to study the concentrations of electrolytes in the saliva of patients with congestive heart failure on a low-salt regimen and on a regular salt intake. Similar control studies were performed on non-cardiac subjects. EXPERIMENTAL Twenty-nine observations were made on 27 congestive heart failure patients receiving one gram of sodium chloride per day in their diet. There were 13 studies on 11 cardiac failure patients on a regular diet containing 10 grams of salt per day. Of these 11 cardiac patients on the regular diet four received supplemental sodium chloride (4 grams daily for periods up to 16 days).Twelve control observations on ten non-cardiac subjects receiving the salt-poor regimen were obtained, while 16 non-cardiac subjects on the regular diet were studied. METHODSSaliva was collected in the morning from the fasting patient who chewed paraffin for 15 to 20 minutes, yielding about 30 cc. of saliva.Whole, mixed saliva was analyzed. Sodium and potassium concentrations were obtained with an internal standard Perkin 52A flame photometer. Chloride concentrations were measured by the Van Slyke-Hiller iodometric method (6).Standard methods of statistical analysis were employed (7). RESULTS

Physiological and Pharmacological Regulation of Human Salivary Electrolyte Concentrations; With a Discussion of Electrolyte Concentrations of Some Other Exocrine Secretions 1

“…For the 73 control subjects on a regular salt diet, including the 16 values obtained from our earlier studies (1), the normal salivary concentrations of sodium, chloride, and potassium are 26.4 + Combined values for control subjects and for patients with congestive heart failure The salivary concentrations of sodium, chloride, and potassium in the present series of patients with congestive heart failure are essentially the same as those for our earlier cardiac series. There is a statistically significant difference in the salivary electrolyte concentrations between the combined control group and the combined series of patients with congestive heart failure; for the …”

Salivary Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Therapy Monitoring in Patients with Heart Failure. A Systematic Review

“…Fifteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Among these studies, eighteen separate salivary biomarkers were analyzed; salivary amylase, mainly its major form salivary alpha amylase (sAA), uric acid (UA), 8-isoprostaglandin F2α (8-isoPGF2α), lactate, galectin-3 (Gal-3), BNP, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10), CRP, protein S100-A7 (S10A7), cortisol, NT-proBNP, 8-epiprostaglandin F2α (8-epiPGF2α), endothelin, sodium, chloride, and potassium.…”

“…Saliva values of myoglobin, cardiac troponin I, creatine phosphokinase MB, myeloperoxidase, the natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP), CRP, etc., have been used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases in general and in most cases they have been found to correlate well with plasma concentrations [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. On the other hand, very few have been tested specifically for HF diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

A preliminary presentation of a mobile co-operative platform for Heart Failure self-management

“…The final HEARTEN integrated solution goes beyond state of the art of existing patient self-management tools by developing breath and saliva sensors. To accomplish this, analytical techniques such as colorimetric or spectrophotometric methods, gas-or coupled with mass spectrometry, or capillary electrophoresis with UV detection are utilized for the saliva biomarkers detection [21], [22] and hyphenated analytical methodology based on thermal desorption, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) are applied to define the HF-related biomarkers present in exhaled breath samples [23].…”