Studies in community nutrition: Estimation of sodium output

Pietinen, Pirjo; Findley, Thomas; Clausen, J.; Finnerty, Frank A.; Altschul, Aaron M.

doi:10.1016/0091-7435(76)90056-6

Cited by 51 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…40,43,[47][48][49]52 Diurnal variations in excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water have been observed in many studies. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Creatinine excretion has generally been reported to be fairly constant over 24 h, 2,7,11,26,28 and on average this was the case for the men in this study. Water and electrolyte excretion in healthy individuals generally reaches a maximum sometime around midday and a minimum toward the end of sleep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Water and electrolyte excretion in healthy individuals generally reaches a maximum sometime around midday and a minimum toward the end of sleep. 5,6,13,14,16 Previous studies have suggested that the daytime excretion rate exceeds the night-time rate by 50 to 100%. 15 Reversal of this diurnal cycle in excretion of sodium, chloride, and water has been reported for several diseases including hypertension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] A reversal of the usual diurnal cycle of sodium, chloride, and water excretion (ie, higher excretion at night) has been reported for persons with a number of diseases. 10,[17][18][19][20][21][22] Investigators have also reported a reversal or flattening of the usual cycle of sodium and chloride excretion in hypertensives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood pressure and diurnal variation in sodium, potassium, and water excretion

et al. 1998

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The objective of this study was to examine associations of blood pressure (BP) with ratios of overnight to 24-h urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and water. Each of 125 men 27-64 years of age, not taking diuretics, had BP measured during the day on a Monday. Beginning Monday evening, each participant provided three carefully timed 24-h urine collections, divided into daytime and overnight (bedtime to awakening) specimens. Proportion of total 24-h excretion of sodium, potassium, and water in the overnight specimen, standardised for creatinine excretion, was determined for each 24-h period. Associations of systolic and diastolic BP (SBP/DBP) with these proportions were examined with control for age, body mass index, alcohol intake, and heart rate. Mean BP was 116/71 mm Hg; 15 men were on non-diuretic anti-hypertensive therapy. Mean 24-h urinary excretion was 168 mmol for sodium, 68 mmol for potassium, and 16 mmol for creatinine. Mean overnight

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood pressure and diurnal variation in sodium, potassium, and water excretion

et al. 1998

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“…Sodium excretion in one overnight collection from each of 19 individuals was significantly correlated with mean sodium excretion over 3 days (Pietinen et al 1976). Higher correlations were observed in a sub-study of 50 people when three overnight urine collections were compared with three 24-hour collections (Pietinen et al, 1979).…”

Section: Overnight and Spot (Casual) Urine Collectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overnight urine collections. Collection of overnight urine is more readily achieved than 24-hour urine collections, and a higher rate of compliance is likely in large epidemiological surveys (Pietinen et al, 1976). Before going to sleep, the participant is required to empty his or her bladder and discard the urine.…”

Section: Overnight and Spot (Casual) Urine Collectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does dietary salt induce autoimmunity?

Croxford

Waisman

2013

Cell Res

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Sodium intakes of different populations around the world became of interest to the medical research community with the publication of Dahl's famous graph showing a positive straightline relationship of dietary sodium intake to prevalence of hypertension. At that time populations were identified around the world with vastly different sodium intakes (and rates of hypertension) ranging up to about 10.6 g/d sodium (460 mmol/d) in north-east Japan. Dietary survey methods tend to underestimate sodium intakes and timed 24-hour urinary sodium excretion is considered the "gold standard" method to estimate intake (some 85-90% of ingested sodium is excreted through the kidneys). However, there is also some evidence to suggest that spot ( Belgium and Japan where there have been public health campaigns to lower sodium in the community, for the most part mean sodium intakes have not changed much over the past 20 or more years. Sodium intakes tend to be higher in men than women, reflecting their higher food and energy intakes. Data in children and young people suggest higher intakes in boys than girls and at older ages in both sexes, but there are serious methodological difficulties in obtaining reliable and valid dietary data in this age group. For all countries for which recent data are available, dietary sodium intakes are much higher than the physiological need of 10-20 mmol/d (230-460 mg/d). In industrialized countries, about 75% of sodium in the diet comes from manufactured foods and foods eaten away from home. Some children's foods are extremely high in sodium. In Asian countries, high proportions of sodium in the diet come from salt added in cooking and from sauces such as soy and miso (in Japan).Representative samples of around 100 people (200 if men and women are to be considered separately), each providing a single timed 24-hour collection of urine for the estimation of sodium, would be required to monitor sodium intake in the community with a 95% confidence limit about the mean of c. +/-12 mmol/d. Much larger samples might be needed if greater precision is required.3

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