Studies in animal aggregations: Mass protection against colloidal silver among goldfishes

Allee, W. C.; Bowen, Edith S.

doi:10.1002/jez.1400610202

Cited by 245 publications

(146 citation statements)

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“…The Allee effect arises if suitability increases with population density over some range (Allee and Bowen, 1932;Kennett et al, 2006;Winterhalder et al, 2010). Population growth from small beginnings may engage economies of scale that raise per capita habitat suitability as it becomes easier to locate mates, coordinate complex social organization, implement demanding technologies, or gain efficiencies from the division of labor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large mammal biomass predicts the changing distribution of hunter-gatherer settlements in mid-late Holocene Alaska

Tremayne

Winterhalder

2017

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

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a b s t r a c tThis study provides an ecological explanation for the distribution of Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt) settlements in Alaska and the origin of their arctic maritime adaptation. Theoretically grounded in the ideal free distribution (IFD) model, which predicts that higher ranked habitats will be occupied first and most continuously, we contend that the location of large mammals was a major factor influencing human dispersal and settlement decisions in the arctic and subarctic ecosystems of Alaska. We rank habitat suitability based on historic mammal population densities from wildlife ecology reports across predefined ecological zones in Alaska; we multiply densities by average animal weights per species to determine suitability rankings. Coastal habitats in Alaska are higher ranked than adjacent tundra habitats, but the interior boreal forest may have been the highest ranked, considering technological constraints of hunting aquatic species. The ASTt migration into Alaska created population pressure that promoted the colonization of the unoccupied Arctic coast and development of the dual, terrestrial-maritime economy. When pan-Alaska human populations declined around 3200-2500 years ago low ranked tundra ecoregions were abandoned. As human populations recovered Alaska coasts became the most densely populated habitats. The adaptive logic entailed in the IFD provides a consistent evolutionary interpretation for settlement patterns documented in this region.Published by Elsevier Inc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large mammal biomass predicts the changing distribution of hunter-gatherer settlements in mid-late Holocene Alaska

Tremayne

Winterhalder

2017

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

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“…Usually the group situation is "facilitory" compared to social isolation (growth rate: Shaw, 1932; survival under adverse chemical conditions: Allee & Bowen, 1932; maze learning: Greenberg, 1947; Hale, 1956;Welty, 1934; Wijffels, Thines, Dijkgraaf, & Verheijen, 1967; metabolic rate: Allee, 1934;Schlaifer, 1938). However, this comparison is somewhat misleading because it implies that all individuals within a group enjoy the same advantages when they are compared with isolated subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Activity level as a function of status and social isolation in the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque)

Lukenbach

Chiszar

1976

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Two experiments with bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrocMrus Rafinesque) showed that (1) dominant fish were more active in the home tank than subordinates and isolated individuals, and (2) dominants and subordinates did not differ in activity during the initial 20 min of inhabiting a new tank; but both of these animals exhibited higher activity levels than isolates placed into a new tank. Restricted activity of subordinate fish in the home tank may be based on the fact that movement elicits attacks from the dominant fish. Behavior of isolates in a new environment probably derives from increased· fearfulness produced by social isolation.Fish living in isolation are known to differ in a variety of ways from conspecifics living in groups. Usually the group situation is "facilitory" compared to social isolation (growth rate: Shaw, 1932 Schlaifer, 1938). However, this comparison is somewhat misleading because it implies that all individuals within a group enjoy the same advantages when they are compared with isolated subjects. This is almost certainly untrue because low-ranking members of hierarchical systems are sometimes found to have difficulty in securing food and maintaining body weight (Poulsen & Chiszar, 1976), and, in some cases, they may be damaged or killed by dominant individuals (Chiszar, Drake, & Windell, 1975; Huck & Gunning, 1967; Henderson & Chiszar, in press). Hence, great variation exists between individuals of hierarchies, and the lowest ranking animals, at least, may be in poorer condition than isolated ones. The purpose of the present study was to compare activity levels of dominant, subordinate, and isolated individuals to determine the extent to which this measure is correlated with status, as well as the extent to which isolates differ from dominants and subordinates.The City of Boulder and the State of Colorado granted permission for the capture of fish employed in this research. Raymond C. Miles sponsors this paper and takes full editorial responsibility for its content. The authors thank the M. M. Schmidt Foundation for its financial support. Reprint requests should be sent to D. Chiszar. EXPERIMENT I: HOME TANK ACTIVITY IN DOMINANT, SUBORDINATE, AND ISOLATED FISH MethodAll fish employed in this and the following experiment were bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesquel. captured by seining local ponds northeast of Boulder, Colorado. Although fish ranging in size from 5 to 12 em (fork length) were captured. only individuals of approximately 9 ± .5 em were employed in these experiments. All fish were housed in small groups (n = 5·8) in 120-liter aquariums at 21-22'C for about 3 months prior to service in this study. The aquariums were equipped with bottom filters. gravel, and one or two large rocks. The laboratory light cycle ran from 0700 to 1900. and subjects were fed (herring-meal pellets) daily at about 1200.Three days before an observation was to be taken. subjects were removed from the holding tanks. and each was placed either in a group of five to seven mutually naive fish or ...

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“…, and for this reason low concentrations in the sense of scarce resources favour selection, but abundant resources favour cooperation. The trimolecular terms give rise to a strong increase of the reproduction rates, dx i =dt, with population density, a phenomenon that is called the Allee effect in macroscopic biology [32].…”

Section: Deterministic Model For Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some mechanistic requirements for major transitions

Schuster

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 13 to a theme issue 'The major synthetic evolutionary transitions'. Major transitions in nature and human society are accompanied by a substantial change towards higher complexity in the core of the evolving system. New features are established, novel hierarchies emerge, new regulatory mechanisms are required and so on. An obvious way to achieve higher complexity is integration of autonomous elements into new organized systems whereby the previously independent units give up their autonomy at least in part. In this contribution, we reconsider the more than 40 years old hypercycle model and analyse it by the tools of stochastic chemical kinetics. An open system is implemented in the form of a flow reactor. The formation of new dynamically organized units through integration of competitors is identified with transcritical bifurcations. In the stochastic model, the fully organized state is quasi-stationary whereas the unorganized state corresponds to a population with natural selection. The stability of the organized state depends strongly on the number of individual subspecies, n, that have to be integrated: two and three classes of individuals, n ¼ 2 and n ¼ 3, readily form quasi-stationary states. The four-membered deterministic dynamical system, n ¼ 4, is stable but in the stochastic approach self-enhancing fluctuations drive it into extinction. In systems with five and more classes of individuals, n ! 5, the state of cooperation is unstable and the solutions of the deterministic ODEs exhibit large amplitude oscillations. In the stochastic system self-enhancing fluctuations lead to extinction as observed with n ¼ 4. Interestingly, cooperative systems in nature are commonly two-membered as shown by numerous examples of binary symbiosis. A few cases of symbiosis of three partners, called three-way symbiosis, have been found and were analysed within the past decade. Four-way symbiosis is rather rare but was reported to occur in fungus-growing ants. The model reported here can be used to illustrate the interplay between competition and cooperation whereby we obtain a hint on the role that resources play in major transitions. Abundance of resources seems to be an indispensable prerequisite of radical innovation that apparently needs substantial investments. Economists often claim that scarcity is driving innovation. Our model sheds some light on this apparent contradiction. In a nutshell, the answer is: scarcity drives optimization and increase in efficiency but abundance is required for radical novelty and the development of new features.This article is part of the themed issue 'The major synthetic evolutionary transitions'.

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Studies in animal aggregations: Mass protection against colloidal silver among goldfishes

Cited by 245 publications

References 7 publications

Large mammal biomass predicts the changing distribution of hunter-gatherer settlements in mid-late Holocene Alaska

Large mammal biomass predicts the changing distribution of hunter-gatherer settlements in mid-late Holocene Alaska

Activity level as a function of status and social isolation in the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque)

Some mechanistic requirements for major transitions

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