Studies Concerning the Biological Properties of Zirconium Silicate

Stookey, George K.; McGuire, Jimmie L.; Standish, S. Miles; Muhler, Joseph C.

doi:10.1902/jop.1967.38.1.53

“…Deposits of Zirconium Silicate were identified and were surrounded by a narrow zone of new connective tissue. No necrosis was identified (Stookey et al 1967).…”

Section: Zirconium Silicatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study conducted by Stookey et al (1967), the LD 50 of Zirconium Silicate was determined. Oral intubations of a 60% aqueous slurry of Zirconium Silicate containing 1% carboxymethylcellulose to prevent settling was given to 80 albino mice.…”

Section: Zirconium Silicatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The accumulation of Zirconium Silicate in tissue was reported by Stookey et al (1967). In one study, six young adult male rats were anesthetized and were given subcutaneous injections into their back.…”

Section: Zirconium Silicatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gingival tissue was histologically examined in a study conducted by Stookey et al (1967). Six weanling albino rats were given an oral prophylaxis using a paste containing 75% Zirconium Silicate and 25% distilled water.…”

Section: Zirconium Silicatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only an occasional mild local inflammatory response was noted in the subepithelial tissue. It was presumed to be secondary to the prophylaxis procedure (Stookey et al 1967).…”

Section: Zirconium Silicatementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Magnesium Silicate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Sodium Magnesium Silicate, Zirconium Silicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite, Kaolin, Lithium Magnesium Silicate, Lithium Magnesium Sodium Silicate, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite

2003

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Sodium Polynaphthalenesulfonate (SPNS) and Sodium Naphthalenesulfonate (SNS) are sodium salts of naphthalene sulfonic acid. SPNS was used as an emulsion stabilizer, surfactant--hydrotrope, and/or surfactant--suspending agent at concentrations between 0.1% and 0.4%, in a wide range of products, including one lipstick. SNS is described as a surfactant--hydrotrope; no current uses were reported, but information was provided indicating that use concentrations would be typically below 2%. SNS is manufactured by reacting naphthalene with sulfuric acid to produce a sulfonic acid, which is then reacted with sodium hydroxide to produce the final product. The polymer form uses the sulfonic acid intermediate in a reaction with formaldehyde and water under conditions of heat and pressure to form the polymer sulfonic acid form, to which sodium hydroxide is added to make the final SPNS. The residue level of formaldehyde was 0.09%. Only around 1% of SNS in a 1-mg/ml solution applied to porcine skin penetrated the skin after 24 h, a similar amount was found noncovalently bound to the skin, and the concentration of material applied to the surface of the skin was largely unchanged. Both chemicals were not toxic in acute oral or dermal studies. In a subchronic oral toxicity study in rats, the effects noted were increases in urinary sugar in females and urine protein concentrations in males. Although undiluted SPNS was not a significant eye irritant in rabbits, undiluted SNS was a moderate eye irritant in rabbits. At 2%, SNS was a minimal eye irritant in rabbits. Undiluted SNS was at most a mild irritant in Guinea pigs, and was nonirritating at 20% and 2%. In a delayed contact hypersensitivity test in Guinea pigs, 30% SNS used in the induction phase and in the challenge phase produced no reactions. In a Guinea pig maximization test, 1% SNS used with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) injected in the initial sensitization, 50% SNS applied topically in the second sensitization, and up to 30% SNS applied topically in the challenge phase did not produce any irritation or sensitization. Both ingredients were negative in Ames mutagenesis assays. In clinical studies, SNS was neither an irritant (tested up to 2%), cumulative irritant (tested up to 1%), nor a sensitizer (tested up to 1%). The Panel considered the low penetration in concert with the low concentrations of use of these ingredients and the absence of significant overall toxicity and the limited negative genotoxicity findings sufficient to support a conclusion that SNS and SPNS are safe as used in cosmetic formulations intended to be applied to the skin. Use of SPNS in a lipstick formulation, was not considered to be different from application to the skin in that the barrier properties of the skin do not apply when these ingredients may contact mucous membranes or may be ingested. Accordingly, the Panel concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of SNS and SPNS in cosmetic formulations that may contact mucous membranes or be ingested. The additional da...

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Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Magnesium Silicate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Sodium Magnesium Silicate, Zirconium Silicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite, Kaolin, Lithium Magnesium Silicate, Lithium Magnesium Sodium Silicate, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite

2003

International Journal of Toxicology

14

1

0

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Sodium Polynaphthalenesulfonate (SPNS) and Sodium Naphthalenesulfonate (SNS) are sodium salts of naphthalene sulfonic acid. SPNS was used as an emulsion stabilizer, surfactant--hydrotrope, and/or surfactant--suspending agent at concentrations between 0.1% and 0.4%, in a wide range of products, including one lipstick. SNS is described as a surfactant--hydrotrope; no current uses were reported, but information was provided indicating that use concentrations would be typically below 2%. SNS is manufactured by reacting naphthalene with sulfuric acid to produce a sulfonic acid, which is then reacted with sodium hydroxide to produce the final product. The polymer form uses the sulfonic acid intermediate in a reaction with formaldehyde and water under conditions of heat and pressure to form the polymer sulfonic acid form, to which sodium hydroxide is added to make the final SPNS. The residue level of formaldehyde was 0.09%. Only around 1% of SNS in a 1-mg/ml solution applied to porcine skin penetrated the skin after 24 h, a similar amount was found noncovalently bound to the skin, and the concentration of material applied to the surface of the skin was largely unchanged. Both chemicals were not toxic in acute oral or dermal studies. In a subchronic oral toxicity study in rats, the effects noted were increases in urinary sugar in females and urine protein concentrations in males. Although undiluted SPNS was not a significant eye irritant in rabbits, undiluted SNS was a moderate eye irritant in rabbits. At 2%, SNS was a minimal eye irritant in rabbits. Undiluted SNS was at most a mild irritant in Guinea pigs, and was nonirritating at 20% and 2%. In a delayed contact hypersensitivity test in Guinea pigs, 30% SNS used in the induction phase and in the challenge phase produced no reactions. In a Guinea pig maximization test, 1% SNS used with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) injected in the initial sensitization, 50% SNS applied topically in the second sensitization, and up to 30% SNS applied topically in the challenge phase did not produce any irritation or sensitization. Both ingredients were negative in Ames mutagenesis assays. In clinical studies, SNS was neither an irritant (tested up to 2%), cumulative irritant (tested up to 1%), nor a sensitizer (tested up to 1%). The Panel considered the low penetration in concert with the low concentrations of use of these ingredients and the absence of significant overall toxicity and the limited negative genotoxicity findings sufficient to support a conclusion that SNS and SPNS are safe as used in cosmetic formulations intended to be applied to the skin. Use of SPNS in a lipstick formulation, was not considered to be different from application to the skin in that the barrier properties of the skin do not apply when these ingredients may contact mucous membranes or may be ingested. Accordingly, the Panel concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of SNS and SPNS in cosmetic formulations that may contact mucous membranes or be ingested. The additional da...

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Safety Assessment of Synthetic Fluorphlogopite as Used in Cosmetics

Becker¹,

Bergfeld²,

Belsito³

et al. 2015

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The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (the Panel) reviewed the safety of synthetic fluorphlogopite as used in cosmetics. Synthetic fluorphlogopite functions as a bulking agent and a viscosity-increasing agent. The Panel reviewed available animal and human data related to this ingredient along with a previous safety assessment of other magnesium silicates. The Panel concluded that synthetic fluorphlogopite was safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentration as given in this safety assessment.

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Studies Concerning the Biological Properties of Zirconium Silicate

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Safety Assessment of Synthetic Fluorphlogopite as Used in Cosmetics

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