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From this chapter it will be seen that the history of the development of fuel cells runs through several phases. In a beforehand phase, the development of energy in its various forms and also of automobiles and especially electric vehicles has been described. Then it has been discussed that three scientific fields were beforehand of the fuel cell effect, namely the Chemical Technology of gases (discovery of hydrogen and oxygen), Catalysis, and electrochemistry (discovery of the battery by Alessandro Volta). The first phase started with the discovery of the fuel cell effect by Christian Friedrich Schoenbein in January 1839 and the invention of the fuel cell by William Robert Grove in 1842 and passed through the invention of porous electrodes and_stack formation to the introduction of a matrix for the uptake of the electrolyte in 1889. The second phase began with motivation by Wilhelm Ostwald. Many researchers dealt with high and low‐temperature fuel cells and the development of hydrophobic electrodes. In the middle of the last century, the third phase began and the basis of our present systems was laid. The cell types of Bacon and Grubb lead to the application in space. The fourth phase started with the phosphoric acid fuel cell, and the uptake of the development of the proton exchange fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell, also in Japan, which was followed by the technology development of fuel cells for transportation, for education, for stationary and for portable application.
From this chapter it will be seen that the history of the development of fuel cells runs through several phases. In a beforehand phase, the development of energy in its various forms and also of automobiles and especially electric vehicles has been described. Then it has been discussed that three scientific fields were beforehand of the fuel cell effect, namely the Chemical Technology of gases (discovery of hydrogen and oxygen), Catalysis, and electrochemistry (discovery of the battery by Alessandro Volta). The first phase started with the discovery of the fuel cell effect by Christian Friedrich Schoenbein in January 1839 and the invention of the fuel cell by William Robert Grove in 1842 and passed through the invention of porous electrodes and_stack formation to the introduction of a matrix for the uptake of the electrolyte in 1889. The second phase began with motivation by Wilhelm Ostwald. Many researchers dealt with high and low‐temperature fuel cells and the development of hydrophobic electrodes. In the middle of the last century, the third phase began and the basis of our present systems was laid. The cell types of Bacon and Grubb lead to the application in space. The fourth phase started with the phosphoric acid fuel cell, and the uptake of the development of the proton exchange fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell, also in Japan, which was followed by the technology development of fuel cells for transportation, for education, for stationary and for portable application.
Der Keaktionsniechanismus im Luftsauerstoffe1eme:it wirc! in Parallel'e gesetzt zu dem Vorgang bei ,der Sauerstoffkorrosion der M e d e iim Sinne der Auffassung von Evans u. Todt. Die Potentialbildung der Aktivkohleelektrode kommt auf $em Wege uber die basischen Gruppen der Kohleoberflache zustande, die in dem Mafie abgespaltcn werden, wie positive Ionen von der Metalloberflache in Liisung gehen. Die zur Oxydation des Metalls auf clsektrochemischem Wege ver:brauchten OH-Gruppen werden in Gegenw,art von Sauerstoff und W'asser re,generiert. Zur experimentellen Prufuiig dieser Auffassung werden Versuche in Gncr besondercn Anordnung durchgefuhrt, bci wlelch'er tier Verlauf der Obertragung 'des Sauerstolffs auf Zink, Eisen und Alumi&m unter verschiedeiien Bedingungen studisert wird. Die Ergebiiisse haben zum Teil allgeinei'ne Bedeutun; fur das reaktive Verhalten von Aktivkohle und der Met,allc. Es wird eine fur das Verstandnmis bestimmter Korrosionserscheinungen wichtige Reaktion gefundeii, bei der in nahezu iieutraler Losung eine init erheblirher Tntensivitat verlaufeiidc Entwicklung von Wasserstoff stattfindee.Dier Mange1 an Braunstein fur Batterkzwecke, der besmonders zu Beginn des I e t~t e n Kricges fuhlbar wurde, gab V'eranlassung, nach Substanzen zu suchen, die eine depolarisierende Wsirkung besitzen und als E r s a t z f u r 13 r a u 11 s t c i ii in galvanischen Elementen brauchbar sind. Es war empirisch bekannt, dai3 bestimmte Sortcn von Aktivkohle dasfur in Fragf kommen. Die Notwendigkeit, laufend groflere Mciigen geeigneter Aktivkohle, sog. Elementekahle, zu produzieren, fiihrte d a m , e k e Hypothese uber den Z il s a m m s e n h a n g z w i s c h e n d'esn D e p o 1 a r i s a t i o n s v e r m o g e n v o 11 A k t i v k o h 1 e u n d b e s t i m m t e n E i g e ns c h , a f t e . n i h r e r O b e r f l a c h e aufzustellen mit dem Ziel, eine fur die Betriebsuberw-achung bequeme Methode zur Erfasswg der Faktoren zu bekommen, die fur die Wirksamkeit d'er Kohle als positive E1,ektrode in galvanischen Elementen van wesentIicher Bedeutung sind. In der Arbeit des Verfussers: Chemischer Charakter und katalytisches Verhalten von Aktivkohbe I) list &r Zusammenhang, soweit er sich auf den Reaktionsmechanismus irn Luftsauerstoffelement bczieht, nur kurz gestreift worden. Er sol1 daher an dieser Stelle etwas ausfuhrlicher behandelt werden. Wnmittrlbarer Anlan fur die Veriiffentlijlung war eine Arbeit von F. Todt, R. Freier u. W . Scbwarz: Die Messung der Oxy dntionsgeschwindigkeit und Oxydschichtdicke yon Metalloberflachen sowic der Lokalz elementtatigkeit zwischen Metall und Metalloxyd e). Die vom Verfasser auf der Grundlage chemischer Untersuchungen erhaltenen Befunde stellen eine Erganzung zu den vorwiegend auf elektrischen Messungen beruhendcn Schlunfolgerungen der e r w h t e n Arbeit von Todt dar; insbesondere werden dadurch einige neue Gesichtspunkte in die no& strittige Frage nach dem Wesen des Vorgangs der Sauerst~ffdepolarisation g e brachr. Der Ausgangspunkt fur die vorn V k f a s s e r zunachst *Is Arb...
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