“…Today, online design learning research covers a range of issues concerning distance collaboration (Akar et al, 2004 ; Bohemia et al, 2009a , 2009b ; Rodriguez et al, 2018 ), blended learning solutions (Hill, 2017 ; Masdeu & Fuses, 2017 ; Pektas, 2012 , 2015 ), comparison with physical studios (Gogu & Kumar, 2021 ; Saghafi et al, 2012 ), online sense of presence (Lotz et al, 2015 ; Jones et al, 2021 ), virtual worlds (Dadakoglu & Ozsoy, 2020; Grove & Steventon, 2008 ), social media (Fleischmann, 2014 ; Guler, 2015 ; Schadewitz & Zamenopoulos, 2009 ), to utilizing virtual reality and augmented reality (Maher et al, 2012 ; Nisha, 2019 ). Nevertheless, the existing literature is limited in number and scope, falling short of covering the breadth of problems that online design education faces (Cho & Cho, 2019 ; Fleischmann, 2020a ; Jones et al, 2021 ; Lotz et al, 2018).…”