Students’ observations of hand hygiene adherence in 20 nursing home wards, during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Background Healthcare-associated infections are a major threat to patient safety, particularly vulnerable elderly living in nursing homes, who have an increased risk of infections and mortality. Although good hand hygiene is the most effective preventive measure against infections, few studies of hand hygiene adherence have been conducted in nursing homes. The aim of this study is to investigate hand hygiene adherence in nursing homes with students as observers using a validated observation tool. In addition, to examine when healthcare workers perform hand hygiene and when they do not. Methods This observational study used the World Health Organization’s observation tool for studying hand hygiene indication and adherence: “My five moments for hand hygiene.” For 1 week each in February and March 2021, 105 first-year nursing students conducted 7316 hand hygiene observations at 20 nursing home wards in one large municipality in Norway. Results The overall adherence rate found in this study was 58.3%. Hand hygiene adherence decreased from 65.8% in February to 51.4% in March. The adherence varied largely between the different wards, from 26.4 to 83.1%, and by occupation status, indications of hand hygiene, and use of gloves. Nursing students were found to have the greatest adherence, followed by nurses. The use of gloves reduced adherence. Healthcare workers to a larger degree conduct hand hygiene after contact with patients than before approaching them. Conclusions Hand hygiene adherence is too low to protect all residents against healthcare-associated infections, and the findings from this study indicate that there are many factors that influence hand hygiene adherence, eg., education, occupation status and glove use Increasing healthcare workers’ knowledge and skills of hand hygiene is needed to reduce healthcare-associated infections and reminders of the importance of hand hygiene adherence must be an ongoing activity. Interventions to improve hand hygiene adherence in healthcare workers is needed to reduce infections and antibiotic use in nursing homes.

Impact of conducting hand hygiene audit in COVID-19 care locations of India—A large scale national multicentric study – HHAC study

“…There were no such studies during the COVID-19 pandemic comparing different HCFs in India as for our knowledge. A multicenter study from private non-teaching institutes in Norway, showed HH compliance of 58.3%; the HH decreased from 65.8% to 51.4% with wide variation among different wards (26.4%–83.1%) [ 18 ]. A multicenter study from India before COVID-19 pandemic showed higher compliance rate in private hospitals than academic hospitals (74.2% vs. 66.3%) [ 19 ].…”

“…“other group” [ 14 ]. The higher compliance among nurses could be explained by relatively higher patient care activities than other HCWs, which leads to formation of habit of better HH practice while poor compliance among the housekeeping staff due to attitude, educational status, perception on HH and learning skill to practice the HH method [ 14 , 18 ].…”

“…The after moments HH adherence was better than before moments may be due to the of HCWs that they perform HH to protect themselves than the patients [ 18 ]. Constraints inherently associated with moment specific adherence concepts are the workload, multiple interventions in single patient care activity especially in acute care settings, lack of precise activities in those five moments and complexity in steps with hand rub and hand wash techniques with its duration [ 14 , 20 ].…”

“…There was no significant difference observed among different shifts in HH compliance in the Norway study [ 18 ]. study showed more adherence during morning shift.…”

“…The HH compliance was significantly lower when wearing gloves as compared to those with no glove use (41.3% vs 68.2%) during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesian PICU [ 22 ]. The multicenter study from Norway shows lower compliance during gloved hands (35.3% vs 65.3%) [ 18 ]. The above studies are comparable with our study.…”