In traditional classrooms, students are plagued with questions and concerns regarding assessment: "What are the instructions for section two again?" "How do we know what answer you're looking for on question five?" "I don't understand how I got this grade." In on-line classes, the same dilemmas appear more problematic. For example, Monaghan (1996) reports that some practitioners fear technology will never compensate for the understated elements of human interpersonal interaction when professors communicate with students. Indeed, cyberlearning is couched in an apparent paradox of twenty-four-hour access to the professor over the Internet but the absence of customary face-to-face interaction. This leaves room for open speculation whether it is more difficult in on-line classes than in face-toface classes to apprise students of assessment expectations. However, with the availability and efficiency of electronic communication, traditional and on-line courses can be very similar (Canada, 2000). For example, a fundamental component of both successful face-to-face and on-line classes is assessment, so it is not surprising that successful on-line programs pay careful attention to assessment. Carnevale (2001), for instance, describes how some of the nation's virtual universities use highly advanced outcomesbased assessment policies, including administering a battery of pre-and posttests to measure students' proficiency.Because of the concern about and development of assessment policies and measures for on-line classes, some predict that on-line evaluation will become the prototype for rating student performance in traditional institutions. Not every distance education program employs assessment models,