“…Checklists and tools like the Protocol for Advancing Inclusive Teaching Efforts (PAITE) (Addy et al., 2022), Practical Observation Rubric To Assess Active Learning (PORTAAL) (Eddy et al., 2015) and the Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol (RTOP) (Sawada et al., 2002), on the other hand, make a stronger attempt at providing evaluative responses to bureaucratic questions about teaching quality, and as such, may be used to assess what Bass calls “minimum standards of responsible professional practice” (2020, 22). However, because these tools share the core method of breaking inherently dynamic environments down into discrete pieces of “observable behavior,” they are just as poorly suited to offering insightful descriptions of dynamic classrooms.…”