“…Two meta-analyses of educational interventions in sub-Saharan Africa demonstrate how investments in instructional technology, specifically adaptive systems, improve student learning outcomes more than funding nutritional and health interventions, reducing class sizes, or providing financial incentives for attendance (Conn, 2017; McEwan, 2015). Increasingly, such systems leverage ubiquitous mobile devices to supplement in-school instruction (Porter et al, 2016), such as in after-school programs (Kam et al, 2009), or on mobile devices used in both in-school and out-of-school contexts (Kizilcec & Chen, 2020; Kumar et al, 2012; Poon et al, 2019; Valderrama Bahamóndez et al, 2014). For instance, researchers have studied how apps on e-readers (Rhodes & Walsh, 2016) or tablets are used in schools (Phiri et al, 2014) and in homes (Uchidiuno et al, 2018).…”