Stubborn Disease of Citrus

Gumpf, D. J.; Calavan, E. C.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-470220-2.50008-0

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…1973). It was later found to naturally infect many cultivated and wild plant species (Gumpf and Calavan 1981). Stubborn is a disease of economic importance in all citrus growing regions of southern Iran.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spiroplasma citri was originally reported as the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease (Fudl-Allah et al 1972;Saglio et al 1973). It was later found to naturally infect many cultivated and wild plant species (Gumpf and Calavan 1981). Stubborn is a disease of economic importance in all citrus growing regions of southern Iran.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spiroplasma citri is a mollicute (Fudl-Allah et al 1972;Saglio et al 1973) naturally transmitted by phloemfeeding leafhoppers (Bove´1986). The pathogen can cause disease in all commercial species of citrus and has been found in many cultivated and wild plant species, including those in the Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae and Plantaginaceae (Gumpf and Calavan 1981). It can cause brittle root disease in horseradish (Fletcher et al 1981), yellowing in sesame (Salehi and Izadpanah 2002) and purple leaf in carrots (Lee et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial Characterization of Spiroplasma citri Isolates Associated with Necrotic Yellows Disease of Safflower in Iran

Khanchezar

Izadpanah

Salehi

2012

Journal of Phytopathology

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Spiroplasma citri was associated with a disease of safflower characterized by stunting, yellowing, phloem discoloration and local or general necrosis in the Fars province of Iran. It was identified by ELISA using a locally produced polyclonal antiserum, by PCR with specific primers and isolation in culture medium. The 16S rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of safflower isolates were identical with those of the other S. citri isolates. A known isolate of S. citri from periwinkle induced stunting, yellowing, phloem discoloration and wilting in safflower seedlings when transmitted by dodder under greenhouse conditions. A primer pair designed on the basis of S. citri plasmid was more sensitive than those based on spiralin gene or 16S rDNA for the detection of S. citri. Based on the sequence of the spiralin gene, S. citri isolates from safflower as well as other Iranian isolates were variable and grouped into two genetic clusters with 91.9–92.9% identity between groups. This is the first report of association of S. citri with a safflower disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial Characterization of Spiroplasma citri Isolates Associated with Necrotic Yellows Disease of Safflower in Iran

Khanchezar

Izadpanah

Salehi

2012

Journal of Phytopathology

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“…Vector transmission of S. citri occurs mainly in the summer months and affects essentially young trees. The amount of spread can be particularly high in certain years; in these cases, stubborn epidemics result (70). Three leafhoppers have been shown in Califor nia to be vectors of S. citri: Neoaliturus (ex Circulifer) tenellus, Scap hytopius nitridus, and Scaphytopius acutus delongi (129).…”

Section: Natural Transmission Of S Citri and The Discovery Of A New mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understandably, much more work has been devoted to spiroplas mas in general than to the as-yet uncultured MLOs. Reviews and articles on spiroplasmas cover their cultivation (17,24,88); their description, properties, and host range (14,43,97,98,179); their classification and taxonomy (46,48,77,172,178,182,184); their cellular and molecular biology (14); their interaction with plant, arthropod, and animal hosts (170); the ecology of spiroplasma diseases (179); the mechanism of spiroplasma pathogenicity (35); the host range of S. citri (20,128); and stubborn disease (70). Other papers embrace broader subjects: mycoplasmas and yellows diseases (103); mycoplas mas, spiroplasmas, and vascular-limited bacteria as plant pathogens (47,125); mycoplasma infections of plants (9, 10); mycoplasma-plant-insect interrela tionships (101,131,169,181); control of vector-borne mycoplasmas (99,108,153); and the evolution of wall-less prokaryotes (95).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wall-Less Prokaryotes of Plants

Bové¹

1984

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

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The first mention of an association between wall-less prokaryotes and plants was published by Doi et al (53) in Japanese in 1967 in a work entitled, "Mycoplasma or PLT:group-like microorganisms found in the phloem ele ments of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, potato witches' broom, aster yellows, or paulownia witches' broom."J Similar microorganisms had been seen at about the same time in rice infected with yellow dwarf disease (121). When plants containing the newly discovered microorganisms were given tetracycline treatments, symptom remission occurred as long as the antibiotic application lasted, and the observed microorganisms disappeared temporarily from the phloem of these plants (76,121). Penicillin treatments had no effect. These results have been amply confirmed (108, 153). Because mycoplasmas were known to be sensitive to tetracycline but not penicillin, whereas the PLT agents were affected by both of these antibiotics (7, 75; see also 50), the microorganisms found by the Japanese workers were considered mycoplasma like and not chlamydiae-like and have been called mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs).2 Similar MLOs have since been found to be associated with more than 100 diseases in plants (103).Mycoplasmas and permanent (irreversible) L-variants (161) of bacteria have 'PLT refers to psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma; the agents of these diseases are the Chlamydiae, a group of obligate intracellular parasites with a Gram-negative type of cell envelope.2The trivial lenn mycoplasma in the phrase MLO is used as a synonym for mollicute and does not imply the genus Mycoplasma. The name mollicute was first proposed in 1967 (59).

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Mutagenesis by Insertion of Tn4001 into the Genome of Spiroplasma citri: Characterization of Mutants Affected in Plant Pathogenicity and Transmission to the Plant by the Leafhopper Vector Circulifer haematoceps

Foissac¹,

Danet²,

Saillard³

et al. 1997

MPMI

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Two hundred and fifty-seven transposon Tn4001 mutants of Spiroplasma citri strain GII3 were used for transmission assays by the leafhopper vector Circulifer haematoceps into periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) plants. Multiplication of the mutants in the two hosts, the leafhopper and the plant, as well as the symptom expression in the plant were studied. Two mutants, GMT 470 and GMT 553, caused no symptoms on plants. Tn4001 is inserted as a single copy in the genome of these mutants. Mutant GMT 470 did not multiply, or multiplied only poorly, in the leaf-hopper and was not transmitted by the insect to the plant, nor to culture medium through Parafilm membrane. The growth rate of GMT 470 in SP4 medium was twice as slow as that of wild-type strain GII3. Mutant GMT 553 multiplied in the leafhopper as well as the wild-type spiro-plasma, and was transmitted by the leafhoppers into the plants, where it reached the same titers as the wild-type strain but in approximately twice as much time. The plants containing high titers of mutant GMT 553 remained symptomless for several weeks. However, symptoms began to develop at a time when revertants that had lost the transposon were detected.

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Stubborn Disease of Citrus

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Partial Characterization of Spiroplasma citri Isolates Associated with Necrotic Yellows Disease of Safflower in Iran

Partial Characterization of Spiroplasma citri Isolates Associated with Necrotic Yellows Disease of Safflower in Iran

Wall-Less Prokaryotes of Plants

Mutagenesis by Insertion of Tn4001 into the Genome of Spiroplasma citri: Characterization of Mutants Affected in Plant Pathogenicity and Transmission to the Plant by the Leafhopper Vector Circulifer haematoceps

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