Strut‐Based Cellular to Shellular Funicular Materials

Akbari, Mostafa; Mirabolghasemi, Armin; Bolhassani, Mohammad; Akbarzadeh, A.H.; Akbarzadeh, Masoud

doi:10.1002/adfm.202109725

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(111 reference statements)

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“…Using 3D/polyhedral graphic statics as a design method and selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg for 3D printing, we fabricated a funicular shellular structure that carries internal forces axially (no transverse stress) (Figure S12, Supporting Information) and is designed to fail at its central section, which includes three outer struts and a middle strut that is difficult to access (Figure 5a and Figure S4, Supporting Information). This structure is a type of funicular polyhedral frame designed using a technique of topological subdivision which generates two-manifold anticlastic surface-based structures with cross-sections normal to the direction of the internal force flow for any given loading condition [52][53][54][55] (see Supporting Information). Owing to its geometric complexity and the inaccessibility of the middle strut, this structure could not be repaired by conventional welding and would need to be re-printed or replaced.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Healing of Fractured Metals

et al. 2023

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Repairing fractured metals to extend their useful lifetimes advances sustainability and mitigates carbon emissions from metal mining and processing. While high‐temperature techniques are being used to repair metals, the increasing ubiquity of digital manufacturing and “unweldable” alloys, as well as the integration of metals with polymers and electronics, call for radically different repair approaches. Herein, a framework for effective room‐temperature repair of fractured metals using an area‐selective nickel electrodeposition process refered to as electrochemical healing is presented. Based on a model that links geometric, mechanical, and electrochemical parameters to the recovery of tensile strength, this framework enables 100% recovery of tensile strength in nickel, low‐carbon steel, two “unweldable” aluminum alloys, and a 3D‐printed difficult‐to‐weld shellular structure using a single common electrolyte. Through a distinct energy‐dissipation mechanism, this framework also enables up to 136% recovery of toughness in an aluminum alloy. To facilitate practical adoption, this work reveals scaling laws for the energetic, financial, and time costs of healing, and demonstrates the restoration of a functional level of strength in a fractured standard steel wrench. Empowered with this framework, room‐temperature electrochemical healing can open exciting possibilities for the effective, scalable repair of metals in diverse applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Healing of Fractured Metals

et al. 2023

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“…Advances in manufacturing have enabled the fabrication of advanced materials and structures with complex architecture from nanoscale macroscale. [46,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]7] However, obtaining a very stiff design for the airplane wing is a crucial challenge. We cannot guarantee to achieve the global-optimum point in the cellular core of the wing design.…”

Section: Designing An Airplane Wing Using the Proposed Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the virtual load has some similarities with real load cases on airplane wings (Figure S7, Supporting Information). The adopted methodology also offer flexibility in terms of defining subdivision density for creating new cellular structures, a parameter that can be utilized to control the stiffness of cellular structures [58] As we know from experiments, the generated wings with smaller subdivision density usually perform better with higher stiffness, since the distribution of the structural weight tends to be concentrated more on the main structural members.…”

Section: Designing An Airplane Wing Using the Proposed Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dragonfly‐Inspired Wing Design Enabled by Machine Learning and Maxwell's Reciprocal Diagrams

et al. 2023

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This research is taking the first steps toward applying a 2D dragonfly wing skeleton in the design of an airplane wing using artificial intelligence. The work relates the 2D morphology of the structural network of dragonfly veins to a secondary graph that is topologically dual and geometrically perpendicular to the initial network. This secondary network is referred as the reciprocal diagram proposed by Maxwell that can represent the static equilibrium of forces in the initial graph. Surprisingly, the secondary graph shows a direct relationship between the thickness of the structural members of a dragonfly wing and their in‐plane static equilibrium of forces that gives the location of the primary and secondary veins in the network. The initial and the reciprocal graph of the wing are used to train an integrated and comprehensive machine‐learning model that can generate similar graphs with both primary and secondary veins for a given boundary geometry. The result shows that the proposed algorithm can generate similar vein networks for an arbitrary boundary geometry with no prior topological information or the primary veins' location. The structural performance of the dragonfly wing in nature also motivated the authors to test this research's real‐world application for designing the cellular structures for the core of airplane wings as cantilever porous beams. The boundary geometry of various airplane wings is used as an input for the design proccedure. The internal structure is generated using the training model of the dragonfly veins and their reciprocal graphs. One application of this method is experimentally and numerically examined for designing the cellular core, 3D printed by fused deposition modeling, of the airfoil wing; the results suggest up to 25% improvements in the out‐of‐plane stiffness. The findings demonstrate that the proposed machine‐learning‐assisted approach can facilitate the generation of multiscale architectural patterns inspired by nature to form lightweight load‐bearable elements with superior structural properties.

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“…For a long time, airplane wings are fabricated with straight ribs. Advances in manufacturing have enabled the fabrication of advanced materials and structures with complex architecture from nanoscale macroscale [46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53]. However, obtaining a very stiff design for the airplane wing is a crucial challenge.…”

Section: Application Of Designing An Airplane Wingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dragonfly-Inspired Wing Design Enabled by Machine Learning and Graphic Statics

Akbarzadeh

Zheng

Mofatteh

et al. 2022

Preprint

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This research relates the morphology of the structural network of a dragonfly wing to the static equilibrium of forces using a geometry-based equilibrium method known as graphic statics. It then develops machine learning algorithms to generate similar structural networks for designing airplane wings using the in-plane equilibrium information of the dragonfly wing. This approach can generate a structural network in equilibrium with no prior information related to the topology or geometry of the network just by receiving the boundary geometry of the wing. This research shows that the internal network of the dragonfly wing can be assumed to be compression or tension-only system on a 2D plane. Consequently, another diagram is constructed to represent the geometric equilibrium of the forces in the initial network. This diagram is called the force diagram in the context of graphic statics. A new wing geometry is reconstructed from the force diagram, with its members sized according to the force magnitude. Both form of the network and its force diagram are used to train machine learning models for the generation of the structural network of the wing. The developed methodology is also capitalized to generate microstructural patterns inspired by other species with networks of convex polygons. We numerically and experimentally examine one application of this method in designing the cellular core, 3D printed by fused deposition modeling, of the airfoil wing, which suggests up to 25% improvement in the out-of-plane stiffness. Our findings suggest this ML-assisted approach enables leveraging million years of evolution in nature to develop the next generation of high-performance, lightweight structures.

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Strut‐Based Cellular to Shellular Funicular Materials

Cited by 15 publications

References 63 publications

Electrochemical Healing of Fractured Metals

Electrochemical Healing of Fractured Metals

Dragonfly‐Inspired Wing Design Enabled by Machine Learning and Maxwell's Reciprocal Diagrams

Dragonfly-Inspired Wing Design Enabled by Machine Learning and Graphic Statics

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