Structures of Thymosin Proteins

Hoch, Kayt L.; Volk, David E.

doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.009

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated that PTMA and PTMS activate the immune response to curb the viral infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus (25,26). Elevated expression levels of PTMA and PTMS have been reported in numerous human malignant tumor tissues (12,14,15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prothymosin-α and parathymosin expression predicts poor prognosis in squamous and adenosquamous carcinomas of the gallbladder

Chen

Yang

et al. 2018

Oncol Lett

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Abstract. The present study aimed to investigate the expression patterns of prothymosin-α (PTMA) and parathymosin (PTMS) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenosquamous cell carcinoma (ASC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) of the gallbladder, and to assess their association with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of the patients. A retrospective analysis of data pertaining to patients with SCC/ASC (n=46) and AC (n=80) of the gallbladder, who were treated with surgical resection, was conducted. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was also performed to assess the correlation of the expression pattern with survival. The results revealed a higher percentage of patients with a large tumor diameter (>3 cm) in the SCC/ASC group as compared with those in the AC group (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed between patients with SCC/ASC and those with AC with respect to the patient sex, presence of gallstones, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, invasive growth into anatomically contiguous structures, surgical methods used, survival rate, and the expression levels of PTMA and PTMA (P>0.05). However, positive expression of PTMA and PTMA was associated with tumor size, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, locally invasive growth, and treatment with radical resection in patients with SCC/ASC and AC (P<0.05). In addition, positive expression of PTMA and PTMA was observed in a significantly lower number of patients with advanced AC as compared with those in early AC (P<0.05), while these expression levels were also associated with shorter survival in the SCC/ASC group and AC group (P<0.05). Cox multivariate analysis also demonstrated a negative correlation between PTMA and PTMA levels, and the postoperative survival rate in the two groups. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the expression levels of PTMA and PTMA were closely associated with the tumorigenesis and progression of SCC, ASC and AC of the gallbladder. Positive expression of PTMA and PTMA may serve as a valuable prognostic factor in these patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prothymosin-α and parathymosin expression predicts poor prognosis in squamous and adenosquamous carcinomas of the gallbladder

Chen

Yang

et al. 2018

Oncol Lett

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“…Indeed, in the same setting, also treatment with another thymic protein, the serum thymic factor, showed no effect, differently from that observed by other groups describing an intensive suppression of EAE symptoms (Nagai et al, 1982). Moreover, thymosin fraction V is a partially purified mixture of 10 major and at least other 30 polypeptides from the thymus gland with extremely varied and important biological properties that may act individually, sequentially, or in concert to influence the development of T cell subsets and that could also mediate inhibitory effects not observed in experiments conducted with single or a mixture of purified thymosins (Hoch and Volk, 2016;Goldstein and Badamchian, 2004).…”

Section: The Use Of Thymosins In Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these molecules are genetically unrelated while being distributed widely throughout most tissues and play important, yet very different, roles in cells. The active peptides are typically short, highly charged with no or few aromatic amino acids and, therefore, are intrinsically unstructured proteins under natural conditions (Hoch and Volk, 2016).…”

Section: Thymosins: the Old And The Newmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the peptides isolated from the β region of thymosin fraction V do not appear to be thymus-specific products. The most predominant band on the β region is polypeptide β1 that did not show any biological activity, though it was the most prominent component of thymosin fraction V. Later, it was identified as a 74-amino-acid residue fragment of ubiquitin, lacking two glycine residues at the C-terminus (Hoch and Volk, 2016). The next thymosin, which was isolated and sequenced, was termed Tβ4.…”

Section: Thymosins: the Old And The Newmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The next thymosin, which was isolated and sequenced, was termed Tβ4. Successively, β8, 9, 10 and 15 were isolated (Hoch and Volk, 2016). Many orthologs of human thymosin genes sharing chromosome location and/or sequence similarities have been characterized in different species.…”

Section: Thymosins: the Old And The Newmentioning

confidence: 99%

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