A novel iron-containing blue protein, named neelaredoxin, was isolated from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas. It is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 15 kDa containing two iron atoms/molecule. The N-terminal sequence of neelaredoxin has similarity to the second domain of desulfofen-odoxin, a protein purified from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. This finding supports the hypothesis that the gene coding for desulfoferrodoxin (rbo) might have arisen from a gene fusion [Brumlik, M. J., Leroy, G., Bruschi, M. & Voordouw, G. (1990) J. Bacteriol. 172, 7289-72921. The visible spectrum exhibits a single band at 666 nm, responsible for the blue color of the protein, which is completely bleached upon reduction with sodium ascorbate. In the oxidized state the EPR spectrum is complex, exhibiting well-resolved features at g = 7.6, 7.0, 5.9, and 5.8 which are assigned to two high-spin (5' = 5/2) mononuclear-iron (111) centers with different rhombic distortions (EID = 0.05 and = 0.08). The two iron atoms contribute identically to the visible spectrum as judged from visible redox titrations, from which a reduction potential of +190 mV was determined for both iron sites at pH 7.5. At high pH the visible and the EPR spectra become pH-dependent with a pK, above 9 : the 666-nm band shifts to 590 nm and the EPR signals are converted into a signal with g, , , = 4.7. Neelaredoxin is readily reduced both by H2/hydrogenase/ cytochrome c3 and by NADWNADH -rubredoxin oxidoreductase.Sulfate-reducing bacteria are rich in electron-carrier proteins. These proteins can be classified into three groups : flavoproteins, hemoproteins, and non-heme iron proteins. Detailed discussions concerning these proteins can be found in recent reviews [I, 21. Within the group of non-heme-iron proteins, besides the iron-sulfur-containing ferredoxins, several redox proteins with no labile sulfur have been discovered containing mononuclear or dinuclear iron centers. These include rubredoxin, desulforedoxin, desulfoferrodoxin, rubrerythrin and nigerythrin.Rubredoxin is the smallest protein (Mr = 6000) found in sulfate-reducing bacteria including Desulfovibrio gigas [3], D. vulgaris Hildenborough [4], D. desulfuricans [5] and D.salexigens [6]. The structure of the protein has been well studied [7]. This protein contains one iron atodmolecule which links to four cysteinyl residues in the polypeptide chain. Its high reduction potential (-50 to 0 mV) made it difficult to find an appropriate place in any electron transfer chain. Recently, D. gigas rubredoxin was shown to function in an aerobic electron transfer chain which allows ATP formation from polyglucose [S, 91. Desulforedoxin is another [Fel-only-