Structures and properties of energetic cations in energetic salts

Liu, W.; Liu, W. L.; Pang, Siping

doi:10.1039/c6ra26032b

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Loading more nitro groups and higher structural tension into a single molecule does improve explosive performance, but usually leads to complicated and not cost-effective synthetic procedures. By a trade-off of detonation performance and cost, HMX is regarded as the best military high-energetic explosives nowadays [7], although it is neither the most powerful one nor the cheapest one.Parallel to the intensive studies on molecule engineering on the backbone of nitrogen-rich organic energetic molecules [8,9], the exploration of advanced energetic materials extends to the crystal engineering on their energetic co-crystals [10-13], energetic salts [14][15][16][17][18][19][20], as well as coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The essential strategy is to control the intermolecular packing/linkage of the energetic organic fuel and oxidizer components in crystals by non-covalent interactions to modify/enhance the explosive performance and/or to reduce the sensitivity to a practicable level.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular perovskite high-energetic materials

et al. 2018

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Since the black powder, the first known explosive, was discovered by ancient Chinese in the seventh century, people have been finding powerful, stable, reliable and low-cost energetic materials for military equipment and civil industry. To obtain a better explosive performance, an efficient strategy is to load unstable chemical bonds [1][2][3], as well as to combine fuel with oxidizer components in a proper ratio for achieving sufficient combustion and rapid detonation [4][5][6]. An effective way is to incorporate fuel and oxidizer properties into a single molecule [7], as demonstrated by a series of classical organic nitro group/nitrogen-rich molecules, such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and octanitrocubane (ONC) (Fig. S1). Loading more nitro groups and higher structural tension into a single molecule does improve explosive performance, but usually leads to complicated and not cost-effective synthetic procedures. By a trade-off of detonation performance and cost, HMX is regarded as the best military high-energetic explosives nowadays [7], although it is neither the most powerful one nor the cheapest one.Parallel to the intensive studies on molecule engineering on the backbone of nitrogen-rich organic energetic molecules [8,9], the exploration of advanced energetic materials extends to the crystal engineering on their energetic co-crystals [10-13], energetic salts [14][15][16][17][18][19][20], as well as coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The essential strategy is to control the intermolecular packing/linkage of the energetic organic fuel and oxidizer components in crystals by non-covalent interactions to modify/enhance the explosive performance and/or to reduce the sensitivity to a practicable level. However, for a specific energetic molecular component, it is highly challenging to predict/engineer the crystal structure of its co-crystals, salts, or metal-organic frameworks [10], and the examples with good detonation performance, high stability and low cost are still scarce.Here we present a promising solution, i.e., assembly of both low-cost organic fuel and oxidizer components into a closely packed, high-symmetry ternary compounds (vide infra), to achieve advanced energetic materials with a nice combination of high explosive power, high stability, and low cost. The presented materials belong to the so-called molecular perovskites [28] with a general formula of ABX 3 , which topologically mimic the cubic structure of the very well-known inorganic perovskites, the simplest high-symmetry structure for ternary compounds, but have at least one organic molecular component (usually A component). Recently, molecular perovskites have attracted growing attention, as illustrated by the extensive studies on methyl-ammonium lead iodide for high performance solar cells [29][30][31][32], and the phase transitions together with the ...

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Molecular perovskite high-energetic materials

et al. 2018

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“…Recently, a lot of energetic salts have been reported based on nitrogen‐rich heterocyclic cations such as imidazolium, triazolium and tetrazolium . However, compared with their energetic anions, their cations are generally less energetic or non‐energetic due to the lack of energetic groups such as −NO 2 , −NO, −N 3 and −ONO 2 . It is interesting to explore some new energetic salts, especially for those containing an energetic cation with desired energetic groups …”

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confidence: 99%

Energetic N‐nitrooxyethylimidazolium Salts: Synthesis, Structures and Properties

Yang

Liu

et al. 2019

ChemistrySelect

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Energetic salts 2 and 4 a-f, comprising an energetic 1,2-dimethyl-3-(2-nitrooxyethyl)imidazolium cation and energetic anions such as nitrate, 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate, picrate, 3-nitro-5oxo-1,2,4-triazolate, dinitromethanide, dinitramide and 5-nitrotetrazolate, were easily synthesized via quaternization, nitration and metathesis. The salts were fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or elemental analysis. The structure of picrate 4 b was also studied via single crystal X-ray diffraction. The thermal properties of 2 and 4 a-f were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC data show that 3, 5-dinitro-1, 2, 4-triazolate 4 a, dinitromethanide 4 d, dinitramide 4 e and 5-nitrotetrazolate 4 f are typical ionic liquids with a glass transition temperature of À 58°C to À 22°C and a melting point below 100°C. TGA indicates that 2, 4 a-c and 4 f have a good thermal stability and a decomposition temperature above 155°C. Besides, the energetic properties of salts 2 and 4 a-f were calculated. The detonation velocities of the salts are 6.62-7.42 km/s, approaching those of TNT.[a] Dr.

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“…1,2 Over the past years, energetic ionic salts as a new class of energetic materials have received a substantial amount of interest because they are environmentally friendly and have lower vapor pressures, higher heats of formation, and enhanced thermal stabilities as compared to conventional nonionic analogs. 3,4 Since the cations and anions in the salts can be modied independently, we can produce a large amount of different ionic salts by combining different potential cations and anions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%