Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Xylaria spp.

Abstract

The fungus genus Xylaria is an important source of drug discoveries in scientific fields and in the pharmaceutical industry due to its potential to produce a variety of structured novel and bioactive secondary metabolites. This review prioritizes the structures of the secondary metabolites of Xylaria spp. from 1994 to January 2024 and their relevant biological activities. A total of 445 new compounds, including terpenoids, nitrogen-containing compounds, polyketides, lactones, and other classes, are presented in this review. Remarkably, among these compounds, 177 compounds show various biological activities, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, immunosuppressive, and enzyme-inhibitory activities. This paper will guide further investigations into the structures of novel and potent active natural products derived from Xylaria and their potential contributions to the future development of new natural drug products in the agricultural and medicinal fields.

New Pyranone Derivatives and Sesquiterpenoid Isolated from the Endophytic Fungus Xylaria sp. Z184

“…After the literature survey, as for the secondary metabolites produced by the genus Xylaria, the main structural differences between the co-isolated new pyranone derivatives in this case and the other analogues of the genus are the variation of substituents in the side chain attached pyranone core [7,12,16]. Although compound 5 has previously been reported as a natural product from fermentation extracts of endophytic fungi [17], this is the first report of its existence to be accompanied by a full suite of supporting spectroscopic data.…”

“…Z184. The structures of these compounds (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) were identified by comparing the spectral data to those reported in the respective references (Figures S80-S105).…”

“…The secondary metabolites generated by stains of Xylaria usually show obvious antiinflammatory and antifungal activities [7,8]. In this case, compounds 2-10 and 15-18 and the crude extract were selected to evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase-inhibition activities due to the limitation of samples.…”

“…Molecules 2024, 29, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 13 leaves of Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve for the first time, has attracted our attention for its impressive compound abundance in TLC and HPLC analyses (Figure S106). Our current investigation on this strain led to the isolation of three new pyranone derivatives, called fallopiaxylaresters A-C (1-3), a new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid fallopiaxylarol A (4) (Figure 1), and the first complete set of the spectroscopic data for the previously disclosed pestalotiopyrone M (5), as well as a suite of known compounds consisting of six pyranone derivatives (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), three sesquiterpenoids (12)(13)(14), three isocoumarin derivatives (15)(16)(17), and one aromatic allenic ether (18). Herein, the details of the isolation, structure elucidation of all new compounds and their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and α-glucosidase-inhibitory activities were described.…”

“…The genus Xylaria, belonging to the family Xylariaceae, is medicinal fungi commonly found in decaying plant tissues and is widely distributed in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions [5,6]. So far, more than 200 bioactive compounds (>100 new ones) were isolated from Xylaria, including cytochalasins, α-pyrones, cyclopeptides, terpenoids, lactones, and succinic acid derivatives [7]. Furthermore, the secondary metabolites produced by species of Xylaria have been found to exert a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-tumor, and α-glucosidase-inhibitory activities [7,8].…”