Structures and Antitumor Activities of the Polysaccharides Isolated from Fruiting Body and the Growing Culture of Mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum

Sone, Yoshitsugu; Okuda, Reiko; Wada, Noriko; Kishida, Etsu; Misaki, Akira

doi:10.1080/00021369.1985.10867134

Cited by 100 publications

(122 citation statements)

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“…According to different researchers, the polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma are constituted by glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose, xylose and arabinose, with different combinations and different types of glycosidic linkages, and which can be bound to protein or peptide residues (polysaccharide-protein or -peptide complexes) (Sone et al, 1985;Zhang et al, 2007;Chen et al, 2008;Wang and Zhang, 2009;Ferreira et al, 2010;Nie et al, 2013). These carbohydrates are characterized by their molecular weight, degree of branching, and higher (tertiary) structures (Ferreira et al, 2010), and have different compositions, comprising β-glucans, hetero-β-glucans, heteroglycans or α-manno-β-glucan complexes (Moradali et al, 2007).…”

Section: Chemical Features Of the Most Common Polysaccharides Found Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sone et al (1985) used HPLC to obtain the molecular weight of the polysaccharides from fruiting bodies and cultured medium of G. lucidum. In addition, Chen et al (2008) obtained the molecular weight of a water-soluble protein-bound polysaccharide through gel chromatography.…”

Section: Isolation and Identification Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some polysaccharides have also been isolated from the culture medium of growing mycelium (extracellular polysaccharides) (Sone et al, 1985).…”

Section: Ganoderma Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sone et al (1985) also described the antitumor activity of G. lucidum polysaccharides either from the fruiting bodies or the mycelium against sarcoma-180 solid tumor. Once again, the studied polysaccharides had (1→3)-β-D-glucan bonds and some (1→4)-linked glucosyl units ( Table 2).…”

Section: Ganoderma Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities

et al. 2015

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This review aims to contribute to the growing knowledge on bioactive (antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial) properties of polysaccharides, glycoproteins and polysaccharidic extracts obtained from Ganoderma species. The chemical features were analyzed and related to correspondent bioactivities. ____________________________________________________________________ 2 Research highlightsChemical features of Ganoderma bioactive polysaccharides were discussed.Methods for extraction, isolation and identification were evaluated.Bioactivity of polysaccharidic extracts and purified compounds were discussed.Integration of data allowed deduction of structure-activity relationships.

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Section: Chemical Features Of the Most Common Polysaccharides Found Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Isolation and Identification Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some polysaccharides have also been isolated from the culture medium of growing mycelium (extracellular polysaccharides) (Sone et al, 1985).…”

Section: Ganoderma Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ganoderma Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities

et al. 2015

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“…For centuries in the Far East, the fruiting body of G. lucidum was regarded as a popular folk medicine for treating various human diseases, such as hepatitis, arthritis, nephritis, bronchitis, asthma, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and gastric cancer (Jong and Birmingham, 1992;Paterson, 2006). The molecular mechanisms underlying the health and medical benefits of G. lucidum have been investigated extensively (Sone et al, 1985;Kimura et al, 2002;Chien et al, 2004). The major active components of G. lucidum include it's polysaccharide and ganoderic acid (Xu et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonoporation of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium for High Biomass and Exopolysaccharide Productivity in Submerged Culture

Liu¹,

Zhang²,

Kuang³

et al. 2016

IJAB

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Ganoderma lucidum, known as Lingzhi in China and Reishi in Japan, is a famous medicinal mushroom that is commonly produced by solid-state fermentation. Recently, submerged culture has been considered as a promising alternative for production of G. lucidum. Herein, to provide a theoretical base for preparation of a homogenous inoculum for G. lucidum submerged culture we investigated the effect of sonoporation on G. lucidum mycelium. Submerged culture was also evaluated using the sonoporated mycelium. Microscopic investigation indicated that the mycelial pellets (0.55 g, dry weight) contained in 60 mL solution were almost completely disappeared within 20 s by sonoporation (20 kHz and 125 w). The homogenate obtained after sonoporation had a 3.75×106 cfu/mL cell concentration. The sonoporation caused rapid leakage of intracellular protein that increased linearly with time. The metabolic activity of the cells decreased rapidly after sonoporation. Sonoporation also negatively affected laccase activity. When the homogenate was used at 4.76% (v/v) inoculum level, the cultures produced biomass and exopolysaccharide of 15.75 and 0.54 g/L, respectively; these values were 129.26 and 45.95% higher than that of the control culture using a pellet-type inoculum without sonoporation. Optimal inoculum size was 5.88-6.97% (v/v). We conclude that sonoporation is an effective method for homogenization of G. lucidum mycelium, and sonoporated mycelium can improve productivity significantly in G. lucidum submerged culture and requires lower levels of starting inoculum.

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The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma Lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages and T lymphocytes

et al. 1997

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The present study was to ascertain the immunomodulating and anti-tumor effects of Ganoderma (G.) lucidum. Polysaccharides (PS) from fresh fruiting bodies of G. lucidum (PS-G) were isolated and used to potentiate cytokine production by human monocytes-macrophages and T lymphocytes. Our results had shown that the levels of interleukin (IL)-1b, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and IL-6 in macrophage cultures treated with PS-G (100 mg/ml) were 5.1-, 9.8-and 29-fold higher, respectively, than those of untreated controls. In addition, the release of interferon (IFN)-g from T lymphocytes was also greatly promoted in the presence of PS-G (25-100 mg/ml). Furthermore, these cytokine-containing mononuclear cell-conditioned media (PSG-MNC-CM) were found to suppress the proliferation and clonogenicity of both the HL-60 and the U937 leukemic cell lines. DNA labeling and gel electrophoresis showed that treatment with PSG-MNC-CM markedly induced leukemic-cell apoptosis. Flow-cytometric analysis revealed that few (2.3 6 0.8%) apoptotic cells were seen in the control cultures, while PSG-MNC-CM treatment resulted in a significant increase in the apoptotic population both in the HL-60 (38.3 6 4.5%) and in the U937 (44.5 6 3.8%) cells. In addition, 40 to 45% of the treated leukemic cells were triggered to differentiate into mature monocytic cells expressing CD14 and CD68 surface antigens. However, PS-G alone had no such effects even at a higher dose of 400 mg/ml. Since untreated macrophages and T lymphocytes produced little or no cytokine, and normal MNC-CM did not suppress leukemic cell growth, it was suggestive that the anti-tumor activity of PSG-MNC-CM was derived from the elevated levels of cytokines. Antibody-neutralization studies further revealed that the anti-tumor cytokines in the PSG-MNC-CM were mainly of TNF-a and IFN-g, and these 2 cytokines acted synergistically on the inhibition of leukemic-cell growth. Int. J. Cancer 70:699-705, 1997.

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Structures and Antitumor Activities of the Polysaccharides Isolated from Fruiting Body and the Growing Culture of Mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum

Cited by 100 publications

References 8 publications

Chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities

Chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities

Sonoporation of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium for High Biomass and Exopolysaccharide Productivity in Submerged Culture

The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma Lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages and T lymphocytes

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