With the wide application of large-diameter optical components, the measurement efficiency of single-point chromatic confocal system is very low, which cannot complete the detection of surface defects of large-diameter optical components efficiently. Line-scanning chromatic confocal technology has been widely used because of its ability to achieve fast and low time-consuming measurements. This study designs and analyzes a line-scanning confocal system for optical component defects based on the principle of chromatic confocal. Firstly, the basic principle of the line-scanning chromatic confocal system is elaborated; secondly, the dispersive objective in the measurement system are designed, enables the system to realize high-precision, wide-range measurements; the theoretical analysis results show that the axial resolution of the system can reach 0.5 μm, which provides certain technical support for the detection of defects on the surface of sub-micron optical components.