Structure property relationship in a bulk Cu–Cr–W composite synthesized by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering

Chakraborty, Subrata; Bagala, R.; Sikdar, Koushik; Roy, Debdas; Basumallick, A.

doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123708

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…[1,4,5] Thus, the as-printed samples and samples annealed at 300 C or higher had a higher microhardness than conventional as-cast Cu-10Sn. As in general hardness is positively related to wear resistance, [38] the corresponding wear performance of the SLM-prepared Cu-10Sn-0.4P is expected to be better than that of the as-cast counterpart as well.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Laser Melting of Cu–10Sn–0.4P: Processing, Microstructure, Properties, and Brief Comparison with Additively Manufactured Cu–10Sn

Yao

Wang

et al. 2021

Adv Eng Mater

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Cu and Cu alloys are important materials with extensive industrial applications in fields such as electronics, construction, and transportation. [1] Tin bronze (Cu-Sn) was one of the earliest alloys used by humans, [2,3] and offers outstanding wear and corrosion resistance. It is widely employed in the marine industry, [4,5] and as a bearing material. [6] Cu-Sn alloys are also used in electrical connectors and electronic components due to their good machinability. [7] Phosphorus (P) is commonly used as an alloying element in Cu-Sn alloys at doping levels of up to 0.5 wt%, and offers various beneficial effects at optimal concentrations. [8][9][10][11] Specifically, P doping can potentially lead to a lower stacking fault energy for an easier plastic deformation, [8] an enhanced wear resistance due to grain boundary phase formation to refine grain size, [9] an improved melt property due to lower viscosity, [10] and purified melt due to oxygen scavenging from the Cu matrix. [10,11] In contrast, Cu-Sn alloys with a Sn content above 5 wt% tend to generate a brittle δ phase within the microstructure, which lowers the plasticity. Thus, casting has become the most popular fabrication technique for high-Sn-Cu alloys (e.g., Cu-10Sn). [11] However, as-cast Cu-10Sn is prone to defects such as low densification, shrinkage cavities, microcracks, and severe segregation, thus advanced manufacturing processes are required. [12,13] Alternatively, recently developed laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing techniques can be used for the manufacturing of Cu-Sn alloys. They offer several advantages, including free-form fabrication without molds, friendly working environment, and short production cycles. [14][15][16] Many studies have investigated the production of high-quality parts from various materials using AM. However, Cu and Cu alloys are often regarded as highly reflective materials, particularly for near-infrared (NIR) laser beams, which can result in poor laser absorptivity. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Gu et al. [23] used selective laser sintering (SLS) to print Cu-10Sn and Cu-8.4 P components, whereas Mao et al. [13] used selective laser melting (SLM) to manufacture Cu-15Sn parts with a relative density of 99.6% at a laser power of 187 W, scanning speed of 185 mm s À1 , and 0.17 mm of hatch space. Furthermore, a bimetallic structure consisting of 316L stainless steel and Cu-10Sn was produced using SLM. [24,25] SLS and SLM are laser-based AM technologies, whereas selective electron beam melting (SEBM) uses an electron beam as the heat source to melt the feedstock powder to overcome the poor laser absorptivity of many Cu and Cu alloys. [26] However, SEBM normally has a lower forming accuracy and surface roughness than SLM. [14,15,26] Overall, currently SLM offers several advantages, but SLM-prepared Cu and Cu alloys (e.g., Cu-10Sn) can also

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Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Laser Melting of Cu–10Sn–0.4P: Processing, Microstructure, Properties, and Brief Comparison with Additively Manufactured Cu–10Sn

Yao

Wang

et al. 2021

Adv Eng Mater

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“…Finally, the passage of electric current through the sintering tool, according to the inherent properties of the material from which they are made, can be effective in uniformity of temperature distribution inside the sintering sample. Graphite die is used for SPS of Cu powder [70,[121][122][123][124], except in The calculated maximum temperature recorded was around 1550 K. c Voltage-current profile when the voltage was 50 V. d The recorded spectra when the voltage was 50 V. Black body radiation and spectral emissions lines are evident. The calculated maximum temperature recorded was around 3800 K. Reproduced from [111] with permission from Elsevier.…”

Section: Sintering Toolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, the Cu-Pb alloys, these alloys have an immiscible nature that makes it impossible to control the microstructure of the supersaturated solid solutions, which are typically obtained by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) treatment. Therefore, SPS has become a popular technique for producing this class of alloys [69,70].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review on spark plasma sintering of copper and its alloys

et al. 2021

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Copper and its alloys have been in the service of humankind earlier than any other metal throughout history. In the present review, all aspects of the SPS of copper and its alloys are comprehensively investigated, and their potential effects on the microstructure and properties of alloys are thoroughly reviewed. In this regard, the densification phenomenon during SPS treatment is fully investigated. The effects of raw powder characteristics involving particle size, contamination content, and powder morphology on the sinterability of these materials are examined. Then, the influence of SPS operation parameters consisting of pressure, heating rate, dwelling time, pulsed electrical current, electrical pulses pattern, sintering temperature, and sintering tooling on densification of these materials is extensively discussed. Furthermore, the microstructure evolution and grain growth behaviors during SPS are explored. In addition, current challenges and future perspectives of this field are addressed.

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“…This limitation of grain growth leads usually to improved in-service properties of SPSed specimens. These benefits are obtained thanks to the simultaneous application of a uniaxial stress (10-100 MPa) and a high heating rate (up to 1000 • C/min) induced by the flow of a pulsed electric current through the graphite die [16,17] or even within the granular medium (if the latter is conductive) [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Electrical Transitions in the First Steps of Spark Plasma Sintering: Effects of Pre-Oxidation and Mechanical Loading within Copper Granular Media

et al. 2022

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Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) has become a conventional and promising sintering method for powder consolidation. This study aims to well understand the mechanisms of densification encountered during SPS treatments, especially in the early stages of sintering. The direct current (DC) electrical behavior of copper granular medium is characterized. Their properties are correlated with their microstructural evolutions through post-mortem scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations to allow a thorough understanding of the involved Branly effect that is suspected to occur in SPS. The electrical response is studied by modifying the initial thickness of the oxide layer on particles surfaces and applying various mechanical loads on the granular medium. Without load and at low current, the measured quasi-reversible behavior is connected to the formation of spots at the microcontacts between the particles. By increasing the current, the Branly transition from an insulating to a conductive state suddenly occurs. The insulating oxide layer is destroyed, and micro-bridges are created. The application of a mechanical pressure strongly modifies the DC Branly effect. Increasing low stress leads to a strong decrease in the breakdown field. For high-applied pressure, successive drops in the electric field are detected during the electrical transition. These successive drops are induced by microcracking of the insulating oxide layer.

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Structure property relationship in a bulk Cu–Cr–W composite synthesized by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Selective Laser Melting of Cu–10Sn–0.4P: Processing, Microstructure, Properties, and Brief Comparison with Additively Manufactured Cu–10Sn

Selective Laser Melting of Cu–10Sn–0.4P: Processing, Microstructure, Properties, and Brief Comparison with Additively Manufactured Cu–10Sn

A critical review on spark plasma sintering of copper and its alloys

Investigation of Electrical Transitions in the First Steps of Spark Plasma Sintering: Effects of Pre-Oxidation and Mechanical Loading within Copper Granular Media

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