“…The mTOR forms two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which are functionally different (Loewith et al, 2002). mTORC1 consists of mTOR, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (Raptor); and mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (mLST8), along with two endogenous inhibitors of the complex, 40 kDa Proline-rich Akt substrate (PRAS40), and DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) (Loewith et al, 2002;Hay and Sonenberg, 2004;Long et al, 2005;Yang et al, 2006;Adami et al, 2007). Downstream of activated mTORC1, protein translation is promoted by phosphorylation of 70 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and autophagy is suppressed via Ulk1/Atg13 (Burnett et al, 1998;Hay and Sonenberg, 2004;Ganley et al, 2009;Hosokawa et al, 2009;Jung et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2009;Sciarretta et al, 2012) (see Figure 1).…”