Structure of the Leaf of Pyrossia Longifolia—a Fern Exhibiting Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

Abstract

The leaf of Pyrossia longifolia (Burm.) Morton, an epiphytic fern known to exhibit CAM, was examined by light and electron microscopy. The relatively thick leaf contains a single‐layered epidermis, “water‐storage” tissue, and a reticulate vascular system embedded in mesophyll tissue not differentiated into palisade and spongy layers. Mesophyll is composed of large, slightly elongate cells each with a thin, parietal layer of cytoplasm and a large central vacuole. The chloroplast‐microbody ratio in mesophyll cells indicates that Pyrossia may be a high photorespirer and thus similar in that sense to C3 plants. Mesophyll is separated from the vascular tissue by a tightly‐arranged layer of endodermal cells with Casparian strips. The inner layer of mesophyll cells and the endodermal cells lack suberin lamellae. The collateral veins contain sieve elements, tracheary elements, pericycle and vascular parenchyma cells, the latter conspicuously larger than the sieve elements. The vascular parenchyma is the only cell type in the leaf which contains plastids with a peripheral reticulum. The parenchymatic elements of the leaf are connected by plasmodesmata, all of which lack neck constrictions and sphincters, or sphincter‐like structures. The connections between sieve elements and adjacent parenchymatic elements are pore‐plasmodesmata characterized by prominent wall thickenings on the parenchymatic‐element side of the wall. The distribution and relative frequencies of plasmodesmata between the various cell types of the leaf indicate photoassimilates may move either symplastically or by a combination of symplast and apoplast from the mesophyll to the site of phloem loading in the veins.

A Monograph of the Fern Genus Pyrrosia (Polypodiaceae)

“…The succulent growth-form can be exemplified by P. longifolia. This is a distinctly succulent species, with a large capacity for water-storage in its mesophyll (compare p. 56, see also Warmbrodt, 1984) as well as some other xerophytic adaptations, e.g., distinctly sunken stomata. Moreover, it has been shown that P. longifolia and P. piloselloides have Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (Wong & Hew, 1976), a metabolic pathway that enables the plant to keep its stomata closed during the day (Madison, 1977).…”