Structure of the Avian Lymphoid System

Oláh, Imré; Nagy, Nándor; Vervelde, Lonneke

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396965-1.00002-9

Cited by 72 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…In addition, the bursa does not harbor relevant numbers of T cells (34), resulting in an almost pure B-cell population after isolation, making extensive purification steps obsolete. Similarly, in the thymus only few B cells (5%) are present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro model for lytic replication, latency, and transformation of an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus

Schermuly

Greco

Härtle

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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SignificanceMarek’s disease virus (MDV) serves as a versatile small-animal model for herpesvirus-induced oncogenesis. Infection of target cells in vitro was impossible due to the short-lived nature of B and T cells, and analysis of infected cells ex vivo was hampered by their low frequencies. To overcome these limitations, we established an in vitro system that allows infection of target cells with MDV using stimuli that prolong the survival of B and T cells. Our system recapitulates the situation in vivo, including transformation of T cells in vitro. In the future, our system will facilitate the analysis of viral and cellular factors that promote lytic replication, establishment of latency and transformation, processes ultimately resulting in deadly lymphomas in the natural host.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro model for lytic replication, latency, and transformation of an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus

Schermuly

Greco

Härtle

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In the current study, the mRNA level of TNFα , IL6 , IFNγ , NF-κB p65 and HO-1 in spleen were measured by quantitative PCR. Spleen was chosen because this secondary lymphoid organ is a site for both innate and adaptive immune response [3,36]. The increase of IFNγ , IL6 and TNFα mRNA (proinflammatory cytokines) was observed in chickens exposed to AFB 1 (Figure 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Lipoic Acid on Immune Function, the Antioxidant Defense System, and Inflammation-Related Genes Expression of Broiler Chickens Fed Aflatoxin Contaminated Diets

Zhao

et al. 2014

IJMS

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This study was designed to evaluate the effect of low level of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on oxidative stress, immune reaction and inflammation response and the possible ameliorating effects of dietary alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) in broilers. Birds were randomly allocated into three groups and assigned to receive different diets: basal diet, diet containing 74 μg/kg AFB1, and 300 mg/kg α-LA supplementation in diet containing 74 μg/kg AFB1 for three weeks. The results showed that the serum levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) in the AFB1-treated group were significantly increased than the control group. In addition, the increased expressions of interleukin 6 (IL6), TNFα and IFNγ were observed in birds exposed to the AFB1-contaminated diet. These degenerative changes were inhibited by α-LA-supplement. The activities of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, the levels of humoral immunity, and the expressions of nuclear factor-κB p65 and heme oxygenase-1, however, were not affected by AFB1. The results suggest that α-LA alleviates AFB1 induced oxidative stress and immune changes and modulates the inflammatory response at least partly through changes in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines of spleen such as IL6 and TNFα in broiler chickens.

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“…The spleen is the second most important secondary lymphatic organ after the MIS, controlling the blood and generating an IR to Ags through specific Ig secretion and clonal expansion of B lymphocytes in the GC (40). After E. coli immunization in the F 4 group, B-lymphocyte number, as determined by flow cytometry, increased by about 40% inside the activated GC, similar to that registered in the immunofluorescent study mentioned earlier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue: A Key Tissue Inside the Mucosal Immune System of Hens Immunized with Escherichia coli F4

et al. 2017

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Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is the predominant antibody found in hen’s (Gallus domesticus) egg yolk. This antibody, developed against several microorganisms in hen egg yolk, has been successfully used as an alternative to immunoglobulins from mammals for use in immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E.coli) F4 is the main etiological agent associated with swine neonatal diarrhea, and it causes notable economic losses in swine production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between humoral immune response and the activation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in laying hens intramuscularly immunized with E. coli F4. Adult laying Shaver hens were immunized with a bacterin based on an inactivated lysate E. coli F4 strain that was originally isolated from neonatal piglet diarrhea, following a recommended schedule. The percentage of B lymphocytes in blood and spleen homogenates was determined by flow cytometry. Villi histomorphometry and the size of germinal centers (GC) activated in GALT and the spleen were measured in histological samples either stained with hematoxylin/eosin or through immunofluorescence. Antibody and isotype-specific antibodies in serum and egg yolk were measured using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Secretory and serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) were measured by ELISA tests. Laying hen with intramuscular immunization with E. coli F4 lysate, activated both mucosal and systemic protection. Mucosal protection was provided through B lymphocytes, and most of them were activated on Peyer’s patches and esophageal tonsils, in GALT. Furthermore, increased B lymphocyte number in the lamina propria of the gut, and increased intraepithelial plasmatic cell number, produced high levels of mucosal IgA. Activated B lymphocytes interacted with absorptive cells, immune cells, and microbiota in the gut, producing signals that were translated into a powerful physical defense by producing a greater volume of mucin from an increased number of goblet cells. Systemic protection was provided through B lymphocyte activation of spleen GC, which produced hugely specific IgY serum levels. One week later, this specific IgY was deposited in the yolk. This suggests that GALT is a key immunologic tissue inside the mucosal immune system, acting as the “command center” for humoral reaction.

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Structure of the Avian Lymphoid System

Cited by 72 publications

References 112 publications

In vitro model for lytic replication, latency, and transformation of an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus

In vitro model for lytic replication, latency, and transformation of an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus

Effects of Lipoic Acid on Immune Function, the Antioxidant Defense System, and Inflammation-Related Genes Expression of Broiler Chickens Fed Aflatoxin Contaminated Diets

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue: A Key Tissue Inside the Mucosal Immune System of Hens Immunized with Escherichia coli F4

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