Structure of Shiga Toxins and Other AB5 Toxins

Silva, Christopher J.; Brandon, David L.; Skinner, Craig; He, Xiaohua

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50580-0_3

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 142 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Most E. coli O157 isolates produce Shiga toxin 2; occasionally, Stx-1 as well as Stx-2 producing strains are seen, but Stx1 producers seen rare. 47,48 Studies found that stx-1 has three subtypes listed as stx 1a, stx 1c and stx 1d. There are a total of seven subtypes of the stx-2 group, namely stx2a, stx2b, stx2c, stx2d, stx2e, stx2f and stx2g (Table 2).…”

Section: Main Virulence Factors Shiga Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Factors of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli

Sajeena,

Kalyanikutty

2024

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) are bacterial enteropathogens responsible for some intensive clinical syndromes such as bloody diarrhoea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and renal failure. These pathotypes come under the Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) group. Monogastric farm animals such as pigs, horses, chickens, ducks, turkeys and aquatic animals like shellfish, fishes, and wild animals can act as major spillover hosts of STEC strains and could serve as the potential source of infection. The pathogen is notorious as a quickly emergent strain with acquired characteristics like different variants of Shigatoxin, many antibiotic degrading enzymes, Intimin, Enterohemolysin, Auto-agglutination Adhesins, Catalase-peroxidase, Zinc metalloprotease, Subtilase cytotoxin, tolerance to multiple adverse conditions, and biofilm formation. The bacteria are known for its long survival in different adverse physical-chemical conditions. The formation of biofilm is one of the major factors responsible for their persistence. Multidrug resistance is another related trait contributing to the high mortality rate of these strains. STEC strains are good candidates for studying the emergence of pathogens with acquired characteristics like genes. In this article, various virulent traits and multidrug resistance that enabled the strain to emerge as a serious public health menace were reviewed.

show abstract

Section: Main Virulence Factors Shiga Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Factors of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli

Sajeena,

Kalyanikutty

2024

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), as one of the major foodborne pathogens, has been widely associated with multiple foodborne outbreaks in the United States (1, 2). Stx-converting phages, carrying the major virulence genes of STEC, are usually induced from STEC strains and have been related to the emergence of new STEC strains through the transfer of stx genes to other bacteria (3, 4). However, there is a limited number of complete whole-genome sequences of Stx-converting phages.…”

Section: Announcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete Genome Sequence of a Shiga Toxin-Converting Bacteriophage, Escherichia Phage Lys12581Vzw, Induced from an Outbreak Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strain

Zhang

Liao

Salvador

et al. 2019

Microbiol Resour Announc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Escherichia coli (EHEC) outbreaks due to contaminated meat, vegetable, and water supplies have been recorded since early 1980 with a spectrum of health issues ranging from mild gastrointestinal problems to kidney failure. 1,2 Unlike normal intestinal bacteria, EHEC carry a stably integrated bacteriophage genome that encodes a ribosome-inactivating Shiga toxin (typically Stx2). 3,4 When EHEC are exposed to a variety of environmental stressors such as oxidative attack from the immune system, the endogenous phage genome transitions from a dormant lysogenic state to a lytic state along with the production and release of Shiga toxin.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ea22 Proteins from Lambda and Shiga Toxin-Producing Bacteriophages Balance Structural Diversity with Functional Similarity

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) outbreaks are commonly associated with contaminated food sources. Unlike normal intestinal bacteria, EHEC are lysogens of lambdoid bacteriophages that also carry a gene for Shiga toxin. Oxidative attack by the immune system or other stressors on the bacterial host can activate the lytic pathway of the latent phage genome to produce phage progeny and the release of Shiga toxin into the surrounding tissues. Within the genomes of bacteriophage λ and Shiga toxin-expressing (Stx + ) phages such as φ24 B and φP27, there is a conserved set of open reading frames that is located between the exo and xis genes that influences the lysogenic−lytic decision. In this report, we have focused on the largest exo−xis region open reading frame termed ea22 that has been shown previously to have prolysogenic properties. Using a variety of biophysical and bioinformatic methods, we demonstrate that λ and φP27 Ea22 proteins are tetrameric in solution and can be considered in terms of an aminoterminal region, a central coiled-coil region, and a carboxy-terminal region. The carboxy-terminal regions of λ and φ24 B Ea22, expressed on their own, form dimers with exceptional thermostability. Limited proteolysis of φP27 Ea22 also identified a C-terminal region along the predicted boundaries. While the three Ea22 proteins all appear to have the hallmarks of a domain in their respective C-terminal regions, each sequence is remarkably dissimilar. To reconcile this difference among Ea22 proteins from λ and Stx + phages alike, we speculate that each Ea22 may achieve the same function by targeting different components of the same regulatory process in the host.

show abstract

Structure of Shiga Toxins and Other AB5 Toxins

Cited by 3 publications

References 142 publications

Pathogenic Factors of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli

Pathogenic Factors of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli

Complete Genome Sequence of a Shiga Toxin-Converting Bacteriophage, Escherichia Phage Lys12581Vzw, Induced from an Outbreak Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strain

Ea22 Proteins from Lambda and Shiga Toxin-Producing Bacteriophages Balance Structural Diversity with Functional Similarity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About