“…The species is listed as protected in Appendix II of the Bern convention (Swatdipong, Primmer, & Vasemägi, ), and UK populations are considered endangered (Dawnay, Dawnay, Hughes, Cove, & Taylor, ). A number of pathogens and parasites are known to infect grayling (Dorovskikh & Stepanov, ; Pylkkö, Suomalainen, Tiirola, & Valtonen, ), likely imposing selection pressures on natural populations. There are also emerging threats to grayling such as proliferative kidney disease (Wahli et al.…”