“…CS is readily available because chitin widely exists in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and cephalopods ( Peers et al., 2020 ; Rinaudo, 2006 ). With excellent physicochemical characteristics and biological properties like stimulus responsiveness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial activity, readily film and hydrogel-forming capability, oxygen impermeability ( Ahmed et al., 2020 ), CS has extensive use in drug delivery ( Gooneh-Farahani et al., 2019 ), tissue engineering and regenerative medicine ( Croisier and Jérôme, 2013 ), wound healing ( Tylman et al., 2018 ), food industries ( Paiva et al., 2020 ; Tien et al., 2021 ) and water filtration and purification ( Croitoru et al., 2020 ; Jin et al., 2021 ), etc . Importantly, thanks to abundant amino and hydroxyl active groups on CS main chain, it is easy to modify CS through a variety of interactions such as covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions, thus conquering its defects of poor mechanical property and solubility ( Croisier and Jérôme, 2013 ).…”