Structure of Certain Specialized Tissues in the Kernel of Corn

Kiesselbach, T. A.; Walker, Elda R.

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1952.tb13069.x

Cited by 51 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Soon after cellularization is complete, ESR, SE, aleurone, and BETL cell types become distinguishable by structure and location; in later differentiation, these cell types are further distinguished and the subaleurone, BIZ and CZ are evident. The following descriptions, based on our observations in B73, largely reiterate previous reports with other maize lines for: ESR ( Kiesselbach and Walker, 1952 ;Schel et al, 1984 ;OpsahlFerstad et al, 1997 ), aleurone and subaleurone ( Weatherwax, 1930 ;Kyle andStyles, 1977 ), andSE ( Weatherwax, 1930 ;Lampe, 1931 ;Monjardino et al, 2007 ). Cells constituting the ESR are small, isodiametric, cytoplasm-dense cells adjacent to the embryo that differentiate early, and later appear to be crushed by the growing embryo and are distinct only near the divisions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Monjardino et al (2007) observed maize endosperm cellularization (also using kernels embedded in plastic resin) and described unorganized alveoli that rapidly formed cells in the central vacuole during late cellularization, which corresponds with our description of partitioning. The large, irregular cells formed during partitioning may help explain how the large and uniquely shaped maize In maize, cells that exhibit transfer cell morphology include the single basal layer directly above the chalazal pad, and the adjacent 3-4 cell layers that contain a gradient of ingrowths decreasing toward the interior of the endosperm ( Kiesselbach and Walker, 1952 ;Schel et al, 1984 ;Davis et al, 1990 ;Gao et al, 1998 ;Thompson et al, 2001 ;Monjardino et al, 2013 ). Most authors identify the single layer of transfer cells directly above the chalazal pad as being morphologically distinct, often referred to as the BETL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most authors identify the single layer of transfer cells directly above the chalazal pad as being morphologically distinct, often referred to as the BETL. The BETL is characterized by relatively large, elongate cells with extensive wall ingrowths, which are thought to aid in metabolite transfer through an increase of the plasma membrane surface area ( Kiesselbach and Walker, 1952 ;Becraft, 2001 ). We defi ned the BETL as the most basal layer of cells in this region with the most pronounced characteristics, and the adjacent area displaying a gradient of less numerous cell wall ingrowths as the BIZ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Leroux

Goodyke

Schumacher

et al. 2014

American J of Botany

100

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• Premise of the study: Given the worldwide economic importance of maize endosperm, it is surprising that its development is not the most comprehensively studied of the cereals. We present detailed morphometric and cytological descriptions of endosperm development in the maize inbred line B73, for which the genome has been sequenced, and compare its growth with four diverse Nested Association Mapping (NAM) founder lines.• Methods: The fi rst 12 d of B73 endosperm development were described using semithin sections of plastic-embedded kernels and confocal microscopy. Longitudinal sections were used to compare endosperm length, thickness, and area.• Key results: Morphometric comparison between Arizona-and Michigan-grown B73 showed a common pattern. Early endosperm development was divided into four stages: coenocytic, cellularization through alveolation, cellularization through partitioning, and differentiation. We observed tightly synchronous nuclear divisions in the coenocyte, elucidated that the onset of cellularization was coincident with endosperm size, and identifi ed a previously undefi ned cell type (basal intermediate zone, BIZ). NAM founders with small mature kernels had larger endosperms (0-6 d after pollination) than lines with large mature kernels.• Conclusions: Our B73-specifi c model of early endosperm growth links developmental events to relative endosperm size, while accounting for diverse growing conditions. Maize endosperm cellularizes through alveolation, then random partitioning of the central vacuole. This unique cellularization feature of maize contrasts with the smaller endosperms of Arabidopsis , barley, and rice that strictly cellularize through repeated alveolation. NAM analysis revealed differences in endosperm size during early development, which potentially relates to differences in timing of cellularization across diverse lines of maize.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Leroux

Goodyke

Schumacher

et al. 2014

American J of Botany

100

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“…Although no vascular tissue enters the corn endosperm, various workers have described specialized absorbing cells in the basal region of the endosperm (1,8,9,17). This report confirms that sugars translocated to a developing kernel enter the endosperm through this zone of specialized cells.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Movement of ¹⁴C-Labeled Assimilates into Kernels of Zea mays L

Shannon

1972

Plant Physiol.

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Carbon-14, photosynthetically fixed in leaves of Zea mays L. and translocated to developing kernels, passed through specialized basal endosperm cells prior to movement into the starchy endosperm and embryo. Radioactivity migrated in the endosperm at a maximum rate of 2.7 millimeters per hour, and there was no difference in the rate of movement in kernels treated 14 to 30 days after pollination.Sucrose contained over three-fourths of the radioactivity in the kernal base (fruit stalk) 1 to 6 hours after "CO2 treatment of the plant. Conversely, in the basal endosperm three-fourths of the radioactivity was in glucose and fructose. A high proportion of the radioactivity was retained in the monosaccharides of the starchy endosperm the first 3 hours after the "CO2 except where noted, were exposed to 250 to 400 ,uc of "CO2 for 30 mim as described previously (14). The ear leaves of the plants studied 16 and 18 days after pollination were damaged at the time of pollination, therefore the first leaf above the ear was exposed to "CO2 as above. The ears, when enclosed within the treatment bag, were covered with aluminum foil to inhibit any fixation of "CO2 by the ear husks. One-sixth of each ear was collected at various times after beginning the treatment as described previously (14). The ear pieces were rapidly frozen by either dropping them into liquid nitrogen or Dry Ice. The samples were then freezedried. In order to reduce collapse of the kernels during drying, cuts were made through the pericarp at the top or sides of the kernels prior to freezing.Preparation of Kernel Sections for Radioautography. Six freeze-dried kernels from a plant treated 21 days after pollination were carefully removed from the cob and placed in 60 C paraffin (Paraplast,3 Scientific Products, Evanston, Ill.). The kernels were vacuum infiltrated for 15 hr at 60 C after which time the original paraffin was replaced with fresh paraffin. Vacuum infiltration was continued for 6 hr prior to embedding in fresh paraffin. The blocks containing the kernels were warmed to 37 C and sliced into sections approximately 0.8 mm thick. Freehand sections were cut with a razor blade using a slicing guide. The embedded sections were arranged on mount paper and placed briefly on a warm plate to melt enough paraffin to fix the sections to the paper. To determine the rate of "C movement in the kernels, 16 freeze-dried kernels from each sampling time were cut in half along the central axis perpendicular to the face of the kernels. One-half of each kernel was mounted with rubber cement to a sheet of foam plastic. Kodak No-Screen or Kodak Royal Blue x-ray film was placed over the mounts and left for 1 week exposure prior to development by standard procedures. Portions of the x-ray film adjacent to the radioactive areas of the kernel pieces were darkened. By carefully comparing the radioautograph ' Mention of a trademark name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the United States Department of Agriculture and ...

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“…change in the shape of the proembryo caused by the appearance of the plumule-root axis (between 8 and 12 DAP), 2. subsequent rapid development of leaf primordia, the root, and procambial strands (up to 18 DAP), and 3. differentiation of the epithelium, the mass of parenchyma cells, the conductive tissues and the epidermal layer in the scutellum (see also Kiesselbach and Walker, 1952). The number of leaf primordia increased to 5-6 at the time of physiological maturity (about 45 DAP), while most of the root cells by that time had become differentiated.…”

Section: Ea Changes During Caryopsis Developmentmentioning

confidence: 90%

Embryonal antigens in maize caryopses: The temporal order of antigen accumulation during embryogenesis

Хавкин

Misharin

Ivanov

et al. 1977

Planta

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Abstract. The sequential appearance of a specific group of embryonal antigens (EA), presumably globulins, was demonstrated in developing maize (Zea mays L.) caryopses using a double immunodiffusion test with absorption of common antigens. Cross immunoelectrophoresis was employed to follow the differential pattern of EA accumulation in the growing scutellum and embryonic axis. The transient nature of two predominant EA seems to indicate their role as specific protein reserves of embryonal tissues. Another presumably organ-specific EA was maintained in callus obtained from a 28-day-old culture of scutellum isolated from the mature non-germinated caryopsis.

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Structure of Certain Specialized Tissues in the Kernel of Corn

Cited by 51 publications

References 8 publications

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Movement of ¹⁴C-Labeled Assimilates into Kernels of Zea mays L

Embryonal antigens in maize caryopses: The temporal order of antigen accumulation during embryogenesis

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Structure of Certain Specialized Tissues in the Kernel of Corn

Cited by 51 publications

References 8 publications

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Movement of 14C-Labeled Assimilates into Kernels of Zea mays L

Embryonal antigens in maize caryopses: The temporal order of antigen accumulation during embryogenesis

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Movement of ¹⁴C-Labeled Assimilates into Kernels of Zea mays L