Structure, MC3T3-E1 Cell Response, and Osseointegration of Macroporous Titanium Implants Covered by a Bioactive Microarc Oxidation Coating with Microporous Structure

Abstract

Macroporous Ti with macropores of 50-400 μm size is prepared by sintering Ti microbeads with different diameters of 100, 200, 400, and 600 μm. Bioactive microarc oxidation (MAO) coatings with micropores of 2-5 μm size are prepared on the macroporous Ti. The MAO coatings are composed of a few TiO2 nanocrystals and lots of amorphous phases with Si, Ca, Ti, Na, and O elements. Compared to compact Ti, the MC3T3-E1 cell attachment is prolonged on macroporous Ti without and with MAO coatings; however, the cell proliferation number increases. These results are contributed to the effects of the space structure of macroporous Ti and the surface chemical feature and element dissolution of the MAO coatings during the cell culture. Macroporous Ti both without and with MAO coatings does not cause any adverse effects in vivo. The new bone grows well into the macropores and micropores of macroporous Ti with MAO coatings, showing good mechanical properties in vivo compared to Ti, MAO-treated Ti, and macroporous Ti because of its excellent osseointegration. Moreover, the MAO coatings not only show a high interface bonding strength with new bones but also connect well with macroporous Ti. Furthermore, the pushing out force for macroporous Ti with MAO coatings increases significantly with increasing microbead diameter.

Exploring the mechanism behind improved osteointegration of phosphorylated titanium implants with hierarchically structured topography

“…Due to the bio-inertia, traditional pure Ti lacks initial osseointegration, leading to the increased aseptic loosening and subsequently early failure of the implants [5][6][7]. To improve the bioactivity and accelerate osseointegration of Ti implants, many surface modifications, such as apatite coating, surface protein-grafting, and surface roughening, have been studied [8][9][10][11][12]. However, the issues of peeling of the coating, foreign body reaction, and release of metallic cations are still concerned since these complication are known to reduce the long-term stability of Ti-based implants in vivo [13][14][15].…”

Osseodensification for enhancement of spinal surgical hardware fixation

“…Material and device design explored together yielded a breakthrough advancement in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA) through a myriad of device designs beyond the scope of this manuscript (Barber et al, 1998; Facca et al, 2011; McAfee et al, 2003; Nepal et al, 2014; Salou et al, 2015; Sandén et al, 2002; Spivak and Hasharoni, 2001; Yerby et al, 1998; Yildirim et al, 2006; Zhou et al, 2014, 2015). The subject of improving osseointegration following initial surgical placement is paramount as it will ensure long lasting surgical hardware stability.…”

Improved osseointegrating functionality of cell sheets on anatase TiO2 nanoparticle surfaces

“…Osseointegration is enhanced by a series of surface modications, such as grit-blasting/thermo-chemical treatment, 1 grit-blasting/acid etching, 2 electrodeposits, 3 deposition by lasers, 4 and microarc oxidation. 5 Many studies have investigated the feasibility of applying cell sheets to bone regeneration, 6 cardiac regeneration, 7 cartilage regeneration, 8 tendon healing, 9 corneal regeneration, 10 esophageal regeneration, 11 periodontal regeneration, 12 and full thickness skin wound repair. 13 Recently, some studies 14,15 have reported bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheets (BMSC sheets) as a powerful tool for bioengineering applications in accelerating osseointegration.…”