Structure, Inheritance, and Expression of Hybrid Poplar (Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoides) Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Genes

Subramaniam, R.; Reinold, Susanne; Molitor, Elizabeth K.; Douglas, Carl J.

doi:10.1104/pp.102.1.71

Cited by 88 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Although there appeared to be some overlap in their expression patterns, 4CL1 RNA was most abundant in young leaves, whereas 4CL2 RNA was most abundant in old leaves and somewhat more highly expressed in green stem and xylem than 4CL1. However, neither gene was activated after elicitor treatment of H11 suspension-cultured cells, in contrast to PAL and C4H genes Subramaniam et al, 1993;N. Mah and C. Douglas, unpublished data).…”

Section: Poplar 4cl Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poplar genomic DNA was isolated from young leaves as described previously (Subramaniam et al, 1993), and total RNA was extracted using the method of Hughes and Galau (1988). Highstringency washes for Southern blots were at 0.2ϫ SSC, 0.1% SDS, at 65°C; low-stringency washes were at 2ϫ SSC, 0.1% SDS, at 65°C.…”

Section: Nucleic Acid Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To study the properties of poplar 4CL enzymes in more depth, and to investigate the nature of the poplar 4CL gene family, we isolated 4CL cDNA clones from an H11 young leaf cDNA library (Subramaniam et al, 1993). Previous screening of the library with potato 4CL cDNA (BeckerAndré et al, 1991) as a probe identified a 1.5-kb poplar 4CL cDNA (4CL-B2; Douglas et al, 1992).…”

Section: Cloning and Characterization Of 4cl Cdnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 10 6 plaque-forming units from a ZAPII (Stratagene) H11 young-leaf cDNA library (Subramaniam et al, 1993) were screened using a probe generated from a 1.5-kb poplar 4CL cDNA previously isolated from this library . Filters were washed at low stringency (2ϫ SSC, 0.1% SDS, at 65°C) as described by Sambrook et al (1989).…”

Section: Cdna Library Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is a useful model for the study of phenylpropanoid metabolism and lignin biosynthesis in trees (Douglas, 1996). Several genes encoding enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism and lignin biosynthesis have been cloned from poplar species, including PAL (Subramaniam et al, 1993;Osakabe et al, 1995), C4H (Ge and Chiang, 1996;Kawai et al, 1996), bispecific caffeic acid-Omethyltransferase (COMT; Bugos et al, 1991;Dumas et al, 1992), and CAD (van Doorsselaere et al, 1995b). The monomer composition of angiosperm lignin, including that of poplar, varies according to cell type and stage of tissue development (Campbell and Sederoff, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

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4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase in Hybrid Poplar1

et al. 1998

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The enzyme 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) is important in providing activated thioester substrates for phenylpropanoid natural product biosynthesis. We tested different hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa ؋ Populus deltoides) tissues for the presence of 4CL isoforms by fast-protein liquid chromatography and detected a minimum of three 4CL isoforms. These isoforms shared similar hydroxycinnamic acid substrate-utilization profiles and were all inactive against sinapic acid, but instability of the native forms precluded extensive further analysis. 4CL cDNA clones were isolated and grouped into two major classes, the predicted amino acid sequences of which were 86% identical. Genomic Southern blots showed that the cDNA classes represent two poplar 4CL genes, and northern blots provided evidence for their differential expression. Recombinant enzymes corresponding to the two genes were expressed using a baculovirus system. The two recombinant proteins had substrate utilization profiles similar to each other and to the native poplar 4CL isoforms (4-coumaric acid > ferulic acid > caffeic acid; there was no conversion of sinapic acid), except that both had relatively high activity toward cinnamic acid. These results are discussed with respect to the role of 4CL in the partitioning of carbon in phenylpropanoid metabolism.The enzyme 4CL (EC 6.2.1.12) catalyzes the formation of CoA thioesters of hydroxycinnamic acids by a two-step reaction mechanism that involves the hydrolysis of ATP (Gross and Zenk, 1974). These thioesters serve as substrates for a number of important reactions within plant phenylpropanoid metabolism. Depending on the species and tissue, formation of hydroxycinnamate esters and amides often involves CoA derivatives of 4-coumaric, caffeic, and/or ferulic acid, whereas flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis requires cinnamoyl and/or 4-coumaroyl CoA esters as the substrates (Hahlbrock and Scheel, 1989;Dixon and Paiva, 1995;Holton and Cornish, 1995). The biosynthesis of salicylic acid from cinnamic acid may occur via oxidation of a cinnamoyl-CoA intermediate (Ryals et al., 1996), and within virtually all higher plants, generation of lignin monomers is presumed to require the conversion of 4-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid to the corresponding CoA esters in preparation for side-chain reduction .In keeping with this metabolic demand for different hydroxycinnamoyl CoA esters, 4CL preparations from plants are normally found to be able to use a number of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives as substrates (Gross and Zenk, 1974; Hahlbrock, 1975, 1977;Grand et al., 1983;Lozoya et al., 1988;Voo et al., 1995;Lee and Douglas, 1996). It has also been proposed, however, that different isoforms of 4CL might possess different patterns of substrate preference, and characterization of 4CL isoforms from some plants supports this (Knobloch and Hahlbrock, 1975;Ranjeva et al., 1976;Wallis and Rhodes, 1977;Grand et al., 1983). Such diversity could conceivably enable particular 4CL isoforms to efficiently supply an appro...

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Section: Poplar 4cl Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nucleic Acid Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cloning and Characterization Of 4cl Cdnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cdna Library Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase in Hybrid Poplar1

et al. 1998

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Phenolic compounds and related enzymes as determinants of quality in fruits and vegetables

2001

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Phenolic secondary metabolites play an important role in plant-derived food quality, as they affect quality characteristics such as appearance,¯avour and health-promoting properties. Their content in foods is affected by many factors that in¯uence phenolic stability, biosynthesis and degradation. In terms of their biosynthesis the key enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is especially relevant, as it can be induced by different stress (environmental) conditions. In addition, polyphenol oxidases (PPO) and peroxidases (POD) are the main enzymes responsible for quality loss due to phenolic degradation. The different factors affecting phenolic-related food quality are reviewed. These include internal (genetic) and environmental (agronomic) factors, technological treatments applied during postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables, as well as processing and storage of the processed products. The different strategies that are required to either maintain or enhance the phenolic-related quality of foods are critically reviewed. Genetic modi®cation designed to decrease polyphenol oxidases or peroxidases is not always a feasible method, owing to side problems related to the growth and defence of the plant. Agronomic treatments can be used to enhance the phenolic content and pigmentation of fruits and vegetables, although the information available on this topic is very scarce and even contradictory. Some postharvest treatments (cold storage, controlled or modi®ed atmospheres, etc) can also improve phenolic-related quality, as well as new processing methods such as irradiation (gamma, UV), high-®eld electric pulses, high hydrostatic pressures and microwaves.

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