Structure-Function Relationships of the Raloxifene-Estrogen Receptor-α Complex for Regulating Transforming Growth Factor-α Expression in Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract

Amino acid Asp-351 in the ligand binding domain of estrogen receptor ␣ (ER␣) plays an important role in regulating the estrogen-like activity of selective estrogen receptor modulator-ER␣ complexes. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen is a full agonist at a transforming growth factor ␣ target gene in situ in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells stably transfected with the wild-type ER␣. In contrast, raloxifene (Ral), which is also a selective estrogen receptor modulator, is a complete antiestrogen in this system. Because D351G ER␣ allosterically silences activation function-1 activity in the 4-hydroxytamoxifen-ER␣ complex with the complete loss of estrogenlike activity, we examined the converse interaction of amino acid 351 and the piperidine ring of the antiestrogen side chain of raloxifene to enhance estrogen-like action. MDA-MB-231 cells were either transiently or stably transfected with Asp-351 (the wild type), D351E, D351Y, or D351F ER␣ expression vectors. Profound differences in the agonist and antagonist actions of Ral⅐ER␣ complexes were noted only in stable transfectants. The agonist activity of the Ral⅐ER␣ complex was enhanced with D351E and D351Y ER␣, but raloxifene lost its agonist activity with D351F ER␣. The distance between the piperidine nitrogen of raloxifene and the negative charge of amino acid 351 was critical for estrogen-like actions. The role of the piperidine ring in neutralizing Asp-351 was addressed using compound R1h, a raloxifene derivative replacing the nitrogen on its piperidine ring with a carbon to form cyclohexane. The derivative was a potent agonist with wild type ER␣. These results support the concept that the side chain of raloxifene shields and neutralizes the Asp-351 to produce an antiestrogenic ER␣ complex. Alteration of either the side chain or its relationship with the negative charge at amino acid 351 controls the estrogen-like action at activating function 2b of the selective estrogen receptor modulator ER␣ complex.Raloxifene (Ral) 1 (see Fig. 1) is a polyhydroxyphenyl benzothiophene antiestrogen that has low estrogen agonist activity in the rodent uterus (1). The compound originally referred to as Ly156758 or keoxifene was abandoned for development as a treatment for breast cancer (2), because its bioavailability was less than 2% administered dose (3). However, the recognition that raloxifene maintains bone density (4, 5) and inhibits mammary carcinogenesis in the rat (6, 7) illustrates the concept of selective estrogen receptor modulation. Raloxifene is used for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (8), and treatment is associated with a reduced incidence of breast cancer (9).Tamoxifen is the prototype selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is used clinically for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer (10, 11) with the ability to maintain bone density in postmenopausal women (12). However, tamoxifen therapy is also associated with estrogen-like effects in the uterus with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer (13). Raloxifene is currently being ...

AZD9496: An Oral Estrogen Receptor Inhibitor That Blocks the Growth of ER-Positive andESR1-Mutant Breast Tumors in Preclinical Models

“…Unlike tamoxifen, however, GW5638 repositioned residues helix-12 through its acrylate side chain, increasing the exposed hydrophobic surface of ERa, resulting in destabilization and ultimately 26S proteosomal degradation of the receptor. The acrylic acid moiety of AZD9496 is colocalized with the Asp 351 residue in the helix-12 region of ER in an unusual acid-acid interaction, and it is therefore proposed that AZD9496 also repositions residues associated with the helix-12 via specific contacts with the N-terminus region, resulting in a mixed antagonist and downregulator profile (33,44). Evidence that AZD9496 was directly binding and downregulating the receptor at the same site as other antiestrogens was seen by the reduced potency observed on prior addition of tamoxifen to the downregulation assay (Table 1).…”

Antiestrogens: structure-activity relationships and use in breast cancer treatment

“…Replacing the nitrogen in the raloxifene side chain with a carbon or a non-basic nitrogen atom abolished the antagonist activity of raloxifene derivatives in uterine wet weight assays (Grese et al . 1997) and induced ER-dependent transcription in stably transfected MDA-MB-231 cells (Liu et al . 2002).…”

Antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer and the role of estrogen receptor signaling

“…Perhaps the most important information has come from crystallographic studies of the ER binding domain complexed with different ligands (Brzozowski et al, 1997;Pike et al, 1999;Shiau et al, 2002). Several laboratories have used these data to describe conceptually similar models of ER function when liganded with either agonists or antagonists (Wurtz et al, 1998;Pike et al, 1999;Liu et al, 2002a, Shiau et al, 2002. The major limitations of such studies are the use of only the ligand binding domain (requires the assumption that no other domains of the ER affect its structure) and the use of crystal structures that may or may not fully reflect receptor structure in the more complex environment of a living cell.…”