Structure, Function, and Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract

Lessey, Bruce A.; Young, Steven L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00009-3

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 584 publications

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“…The 2D shape of the endometrial gland, as shown in Figure 7 A, has been described since the early 1900s ( Gray, 1918 ; Lessey and Young, 2019 ; Manconi et al., 2003 ; Padykula et al., 1984 ; Ross and Reith, 1985 ). However, our 3D images of endometrial glands suggest that this conventional 2D shape does not reflect their true morphology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Three-dimensional understanding of the morphological complexity of the human uterine endometrium

et al. 2021

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Summary The fundamental morphology of the endometrial glands is not sufficiently understood by 2D observation because these glands have complicated winding and branching patterns. To construct a large picture of the endometrial gland structure, we performed tissue-clearing-based 3D imaging of human uterine endometrial tissue. Our 3D immunohistochemistry and layer analyses revealed that the endometrial glands form a plexus network in the stratum basalis and expand horizontally along the muscular layer, similar to the rhizome of grass. We then extended our method to assess the 3D morphology of tissue affected by adenomyosis, a representative “endometrium-related disease,” and observed its 3D morphological features, including the direct invasion of endometrial glands into the myometrium and an ant colony-like network of ectopic endometrial glands within the myometrium. Thus, further understanding of the morphology of the human endometrium based on 3D analysis will lead to the identification of the pathogenesis of endometrium-related diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Three-dimensional understanding of the morphological complexity of the human uterine endometrium

et al. 2021

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“…After ovulation, the endometrium enters the secretory phase. Following, the absence of fertilized ovum and gradual drop off in a level of steroid hormones promote endometrial instability, thereby in effect triggering the menstruation [186,187].…”

Section: The Architecture Of Human Endometriummentioning

confidence: 99%

Canonical TGFβ Signaling and Its Contribution to Endometrial Cancer Development and Progression—Underestimated Target of Anticancer Strategies

Zakrzewski

2021

JCM

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Endometrial cancer is one of the leading gynecological cancers diagnosed among women in their menopausal and postmenopausal age. Despite the progress in molecular biology and medicine, no efficient and powerful diagnostic and prognostic marker is dedicated to endometrial carcinogenesis. The canonical TGFβ pathway is a pleiotropic signaling cascade orchestrating a variety of cellular and molecular processes, whose alterations are responsible for carcinogenesis that originates from different tissue types. This review covers the current knowledge concerning the canonical TGFβ pathway (Smad-dependent) induced by prototypical TGFβ isoforms and the involvement of pathway alterations in the development and progression of endometrial neoplastic lesions. Since Smad-dependent signalization governs opposed cellular processes, such as growth arrest, apoptosis, tumor cells growth and differentiation, as well as angiogenesis and metastasis, TGFβ cascade may act both as a tumor suppressor or tumor promoter. However, the final effect of TGFβ signaling on endometrial cancer cells depends on the cancer disease stage. The multifunctional role of the TGFβ pathway indicates the possible utilization of alterations in the TGFβ cascade as a potential target of novel anticancer strategies.

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“…the period in which the uterus is permissive to embryo implantation ( 132 ). Many hormone-regulated signaling pathways are involved in uterine receptivity; some of them include transcription factors, growth factors, cytokines, and diverse signaling molecules ( 133 , 134 ).…”

Section: Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Of Glyphosate and Its Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glyphosate Herbicide: Reproductive Outcomes and Multigenerational Effects

et al. 2021

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Glyphosate base herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely applied pesticides in the world and are mainly used in association with GBH-tolerant crop varieties. Indiscriminate and negligent use of GBHs has promoted the emergence of glyphosate resistant weeds, and consequently the rise in the use of these herbicides. Glyphosate, the active ingredient of all GBHs, is combined with other chemicals known as co-formulants that enhance the herbicide action. Nowadays, the safety of glyphosate and its formulations remain to be a controversial issue, as evidence is not conclusive whether the adverse effects are caused by GBH or glyphosate, and little is known about the contribution of co-formulants to the toxicity of herbicides. Currently, alarmingly increased levels of glyphosate have been detected in different environmental matrixes and in foodstuff, becoming an issue of social concern. Some in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that glyphosate and its formulations exhibit estrogen-like properties, and growing evidence has indicated they may disrupt normal endocrine function, with adverse consequences for reproductive health. Moreover, multigenerational effects have been reported and epigenetic mechanisms have been proved to be involved in the alterations induced by the herbicide. In this review, we provide an overview of: i) the routes and levels of human exposure to GBHs, ii) the potential estrogenic effects of glyphosate and GBHs in cell culture and animal models, iii) their long-term effects on female fertility and mechanisms of action, and iv) the consequences on health of successive generations.

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Structure, Function, and Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract

Cited by 28 publications

References 584 publications

Three-dimensional understanding of the morphological complexity of the human uterine endometrium

Three-dimensional understanding of the morphological complexity of the human uterine endometrium

Canonical TGFβ Signaling and Its Contribution to Endometrial Cancer Development and Progression—Underestimated Target of Anticancer Strategies

Glyphosate Herbicide: Reproductive Outcomes and Multigenerational Effects

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