Structure–function analyses of the Pth11 receptor reveal an important role for <scp>CFEM</scp> motif and redox regulation in rice blast

Kou, Yanjun; Tan, Yi Han; Ramanujam, Ravikrishna; Naqvi, Naweed I.

doi:10.1111/nph.14347

Cited by 94 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…cPKA activation is responsible for appressorium differentiation. In addition, the non-canonical G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Pth11 is known to function upstream of G-protein/cAMP signaling [9, 10]. Moreover, the MAP kinase cascade comprised of Mst11 (MAPKKK), Mst7 (MAPKK), and Pmk1 (MAPK) is also involved in the regulation of appressorium formation [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MoEnd3 regulates appressorium formation and virulence through mediating endocytosis in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Xiao

Gao

et al. 2017

PLoS Pathog

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Eukaryotic cells respond to environmental stimuli when cell surface receptors are bound by environmental ligands. The binding initiates a signal transduction cascade that results in the appropriate intracellular responses. Studies have shown that endocytosis is critical for receptor internalization and signaling activation. In the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, a non-canonical G-protein coupled receptor, Pth11, and membrane sensors MoMsb2 and MoSho1 are thought to function upstream of G-protein/cAMP signaling and the Pmk1 MAPK pathway to regulate appressorium formation and pathogenesis. However, little is known about how these receptors or sensors are internalized and transported into intracellular compartments. We found that the MoEnd3 protein is important for endocytic transport and that the ΔMoend3 mutant exhibited defects in efficient internalization of Pth11 and MoSho1. The ΔMoend3 mutant was also defective in Pmk1 phosphorylation, autophagy, appressorium formation and function. Intriguingly, restoring Pmk1 phosphorylation levels in ΔMoend3 suppressed most of these defects. Moreover, we demonstrated that MoEnd3 is subject to regulation by MoArk1 through protein phosphorylation. We also found that MoEnd3 has additional functions in facilitating the secretion of effectors, including Avr-Pia and AvrPiz-t that suppress rice immunity. Taken together, our findings suggest that MoEnd3 plays a critical role in mediating receptor endocytosis that is critical for the signal transduction-regulated development and virulence of M. oryzae.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MoEnd3 regulates appressorium formation and virulence through mediating endocytosis in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Xiao

Gao

et al. 2017

PLoS Pathog

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“…2E and F). Since the rpkAD failed to produce conidia, we investigated appressorium formation from hyphal tips in wild type and the mutants by placing coverslips at the end of growing mycelia as described earlier (Kou et al, 2017). Numerous appressoria could be observed at 24 h from the wild type and SMR19, but the rpkAD hyphae did not produce such appressorialike structures at 24 h or even at 48 h, and instead showed the typical curling and branching at the tips.…”

Section: A Spontaneous Suppressor Of the Rpka-deletion Mutantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcellular compartmentation, interdependency and dynamics of the cyclic AMP‐dependent PKA subunits during pathogenic differentiation in rice blast

Prabakaran

Tham

Ramanujam

et al. 2017

Molecular Microbiology

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The cAMP-dependent PKA signalling plays a central role in growth, asexual development and pathogenesis in fungal pathogens. Here, we functionally characterised RPKA, the regulatory subunit of cAMP/PKA and studied the dynamics and organisation of the PKA subunits in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. The RPKA subunit was essential for proper vegetative growth, asexual sporulation and surface hydrophobicity in M. oryzae. A spontaneous suppressor mutation, SMR19, that restored growth and conidiation in the RPKA deletion mutant was isolated and characterised. SMR19 enhanced conidiation and appressorium formation but failed to suppress the pathogenesis defects in rpkAΔ. The PKA activity was undetectable in the mycelial extracts of SMR19, which showed a single mutation (val242leu) in the highly conserved active site of the catalytic subunit (CPKA) of cAMP/PKA. The two subunits of cAMP/PKA showed different subcellular localisation patterns with RpkA being predominantly nucleocytoplasmic in conidia, while CpkA was largely cytosolic and/or vesicular. The CpkA anchored RpkA in cytoplasmic vesicles, and localisation of PKA in the cytoplasm was governed by CpkA in a cAMP-dependant or independent manner. We show that there exists a tight regulation of PKA subunits at the level of transcription, and the cAMP signalling is differentially compartmentalised in a stage-specific manner in rice blast.

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“…One of the most well-known cell-surface membrane proteins that integrate the hydrophobic signal is PTH 11, whose gene deletion mutant was non-pathogenic to the host due to a defect in appressorium differentiation (DeZwaan et al 1999). Research findings currently available showed that the CFEM (Conserved fungal-specific extracellular membrane spanning) domain of Pth11 is vital for redox homeostasis, appressorium formation and virulence in M. oryzae (Kou et al 2017). …”

Section: Signal Transducing Cascades Associated With Appressorium Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory network of genes associated with stimuli sensing, signal transduction and physiological transformation of appressorium in Magnaporthe oryzae

et al. 2018

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Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is the most destructive disease affecting the rice production (Oryza sativa), with an average global loss of 10–30% per annum. Recent reports have indicated that the fungus also inflicts blast disease on wheat (Triticum aestivum) posing a serious threat to the wheat production. Due to its easily detected infectious process and manoeuvrable genetic manipulation, M. oryzae is considered a model organism for exploring the molecular mechanism underlying fungal pathogenicity during the pathogen–host interaction. M. oryzae utilises an infectious structure called appressorium to breach the host surface by generating high turgor pressure. The appressorium development is induced by physical and chemical cues which are coordinated by the highly conserved cAMP/PKA, MAPK and calcium signalling cascades. Genes involved in the appressorium development have been identified and well studied in M. oryzae, a summary of the working gene network linking stimuli sensing and physiological transformation of appressorium is needed. This review provides a comprehensive discussion regarding the regulatory networks underlying appressorium development with particular emphasis on sensing of appressorium inducing stimuli, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and the corresponding developmental and physiological responses. We also discussed the crosstalk and interaction of various pathways during the appressorium development.

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Structure–function analyses of the Pth11 receptor reveal an important role for CFEM motif and redox regulation in rice blast

Cited by 94 publications

References 48 publications

MoEnd3 regulates appressorium formation and virulence through mediating endocytosis in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

MoEnd3 regulates appressorium formation and virulence through mediating endocytosis in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Subcellular compartmentation, interdependency and dynamics of the cyclic AMP‐dependent PKA subunits during pathogenic differentiation in rice blast

Regulatory network of genes associated with stimuli sensing, signal transduction and physiological transformation of appressorium in Magnaporthe oryzae

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