“…SnF 2 doping decreased the scattering centers of the carriers, increased the relaxation time, and, thus, increased the Hall mobility of the carriers. 37 Another important parameter, the carrier diffusion length, L D , indicates that the electrons for the usually p-type MASnI 3 perovskite films can move on average before recombination. The long carrier diffusion lengths enable the realization of the high effect planar heterojunction device.…”
While SnF2 is reported as an effective additive for improving the efficiency of lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells, the mechanism is still unclear and requires further studies. Upon incorporating SnF2 into MASnI3, SnF2 reduces the intrinsic carrier density from 1018 to 1012 cm–3 and produces a longer carrier diffusion length as confirmed by the Hall measurements. The femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy shows that SnF2 doping enhances the hot-phonon bottleneck effect of MASnI3. The slow cooling process of hot carriers may help to reduce non-radiative recombination, increase the fluorescence lifetime, and, therefore, improve the utilization rate of carriers. Finally, lead-free low bandgap perovskite MASnI3 is utilized as a light absorbing layer in solar cells, achieving high optical current and high voltage in tin-based perovskite solar cells. The final power conversion efficiency is 10.2%, while the power conversion efficiency for the control unit is 6.69%.
“…SnF 2 doping decreased the scattering centers of the carriers, increased the relaxation time, and, thus, increased the Hall mobility of the carriers. 37 Another important parameter, the carrier diffusion length, L D , indicates that the electrons for the usually p-type MASnI 3 perovskite films can move on average before recombination. The long carrier diffusion lengths enable the realization of the high effect planar heterojunction device.…”
While SnF2 is reported as an effective additive for improving the efficiency of lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells, the mechanism is still unclear and requires further studies. Upon incorporating SnF2 into MASnI3, SnF2 reduces the intrinsic carrier density from 1018 to 1012 cm–3 and produces a longer carrier diffusion length as confirmed by the Hall measurements. The femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy shows that SnF2 doping enhances the hot-phonon bottleneck effect of MASnI3. The slow cooling process of hot carriers may help to reduce non-radiative recombination, increase the fluorescence lifetime, and, therefore, improve the utilization rate of carriers. Finally, lead-free low bandgap perovskite MASnI3 is utilized as a light absorbing layer in solar cells, achieving high optical current and high voltage in tin-based perovskite solar cells. The final power conversion efficiency is 10.2%, while the power conversion efficiency for the control unit is 6.69%.
“…An attractive aspect of template synthesis [ 23 ] is the ability to tailor a nanomaterial’s physical, chemical, and electronic properties through controlled manipulation of morphology, pore density, shape, and size. Our works demonstrate successful template synthesis of ZnO [ 23 ], CdTe [ 24 ], and ZnSe 2 O 5 [ 25 ], resulting in stable phases of these compounds as well as phases that are typically only obtainable under special conditions.…”
Electrochemical deposition into a prepared SiO2/Si-p ion track template was used to make orthorhombic SnO2 vertical nanowires (NWs) for this study. As a result, a SnO2-NWs/SiO2/Si nanoheterostructure with an orthorhombic crystal structure of SnO2 nanowires was obtained. Photoluminescence excited by light with a wavelength of 240 nm has a low intensity, arising mainly due to defects such as oxygen vacancies and interstitial tin or tin with damaged bonds. The current–voltage characteristic measurement showed that the SnO2-NWs/SiO2/Si nanoheterostructure made this way has many p-n junctions.
“…The selection of an adequate non-noble metal-based catalyst for the hydrocracking process is necessary. Various active metals, such as nickel, copper, zirconia, and zinc, − have been combined with SiO 2 supports. On the other hand, zirconia has been recognized as a comparatively affordable, low toxicity, green, and efficient catalyst for numerous main chemical transformations due to its Lewis acid behavior and high catalytic abilities .…”
In this study, the catalytic activity of bifunctional
SiO2/Zr catalysts prepared by template and chelate methods
using potassium
hydrogen phthalate (KHF) for crude palm oil (CPO) hydrocracking to
biofuels was investigated. The parent catalyst was successfully prepared
by the sol–gel method, followed by the impregnation of zirconium
using ZrOCl2·8H2O as a precursor. The morphological,
structural, and textural properties of the catalysts were examined
using several techniques, including electron microscopy energy-dispersive
X-ray with mapping, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction,
particle size analyzer (PSA), N2 adsorption–desorption,
Fourier transform infrared-pyridine, and total and surface acidity
analysis using the gravimetric method. The results showed that the
physicochemical properties of SiO2/Zr were affected by
different preparation methods. The template method assisted by KHF
(SiO2/Zr-KHF2 and SiO2-KHF catalysts) provides
a porous structure and high catalyst acidity. The catalyst prepared
by the chelate method assisted by KHF (SiO2/Zr-KHF1) exhibited
excellent Zr dispersion toward the SiO2 surface. The modification
remarkably enhanced the catalytic activity of the parent catalyst
in the order SiO2/Zr-KHF2 > SiO2/Zr-KHF1
> SiO2/Zr > SiO2-KHF > SiO2, with sufficient
CPO conversion. The modified catalysts also suppressed coke formation
and resulted in a high liquid yield. The catalyst features of SiO2/Zr-KHF1 promoted high-selectivity biofuel toward biogasoline,
whereas SiO2/Zr-KHF2 led to an increase in the selectivity
toward biojet. Reusability studies showed that the prepared catalysts
were adequately stable over three consecutive runs for CPO conversion.
Overall, SiO2/Zr prepared by the template method assisted
by KHF was chosen as the most prominent catalyst for CPO hydrocracking.
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