Structure, biomimetics, and fluid dynamics of fish skin surfaces

Lauder, George V.; Wainwright, Dylan K.; Domel, August G.; Weaver, James C.; Wen, Li; Bertoldi, Katia

doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.1.060502

Cited by 86 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In order to obtain useful information regarding the structural complexity of fish scales, the surfaces must be imaged in a manner which allows analysis of areas on the order of 1 cm 2 , because individual scales overlap and form complex patterns that generate intricate topography (Lauder et al . ; Wainwright & Lauder ). Smaller analysis regions miss the larger topographic arrangements that result from among‐scale patterning.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An organism's skin creates a boundary to the external world, and a detailed analysis of this three‐dimensional surface structure is important for understanding numerous biophysical phenomena such as gas or moisture transfer, and the generation of drag forces that result from the movement of air and water across these surfaces (Lauder et al . ). Imaging and quantifying biological surface structural complexity can be accomplished by various methods, including contact and optical profilometry (Salvi et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Imaging biological surface topography in situ and in vivo

2017

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Summary The creation of accurate three‐dimensional reconstructions of biological surfaces is often challenging due to several inherent limitations of current imaging technologies. These include the inability to image living material, requirements for extensive specimen preparation and/or long image acquisition times, and the inability to image at length scales that are relevant for the study of interfacial phenomena that occur between the organism and its environment. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of a new imaging approach that combines the benefits of optical and contact profilometry to image organismal surfaces quickly and without the need for any kind of specimen preparation, thus permitting three‐dimensional visualization in situ. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the utility of this approach by imaging the surfaces of a wide range of live and preserved fish and other species, imaging wet, mucus‐covered surfaces, and presenting quantitative metrics of surface roughness in a variety of natural and engineered materials. Given the numerous wet, sticky, and slimy surfaces that abound in nature and the importance of the interface between species and their environments for the study of numerous biophysical phenomena, we believe this approach holds considerable promise for providing new insights into surface structural complexity in biological systems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Imaging biological surface topography in situ and in vivo

2017

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“…For example, some structural units can be transformed into structures having surface asperities and asymmetric structures such as airfoil-like geometries, including the structural union of these geometries of different sizes. Such deformability gives the structural materials unique functionality across multiple length-scales, such as enhanced frictional resistance due to an increase in real contact area5556 and improved lifting performance with reduced drag effects575859.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orthotropic Laminated Open-cell Frameworks Retaining Strong Auxeticity under Large Uniaxial Loading

Tanaka

Suga

Iwata

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Anisotropic materials form inside living tissue and are widely applied in engineered structures, where sophisticated structural and functional design principles are essential to employing these materials. This paper presents a candidate laminated open-cell framework, which is an anisotropic material that shows remarkable mechanical performance. Using additive manufacturing, artificial frameworks are fabricated by lamination of in-plane orthotropic microstructures made of elbowed beam and column members; this fabricated structure features orthogonal anisotropy in three-dimensional space. Uniaxial loading tests reveal strong auxeticity (high negative Poisson’s ratios) in the out-of-plane direction, which is retained reproducibly up to the nonlinear elastic region, and is equal under tensile and compressive loading. Finite element simulations support the observed auxetic behaviors for a unit cell in the periodic framework, which preserve the theoretical elastic properties of an orthogonal solid. These findings open the possibility of conceptual materials design based on geometry.

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“…In contrast to plate‐like scales made of bone that characterize most ray‐finned fish species, shark denticles are tooth‐like with enameloid and dentine outer layers, an inner pulp cavity, and a characteristic structure with an outer crown, a neck, and an expanded base embedded into the dermis (e.g., Applegate, ; Castro, ; Mello, de Carvalho, & Brito, ; Meyer & Seegers, ; Motta, Habegger, Lang, Hueter, & Davis, ; Oeffner & Lauder, ; Reif, ). A number of functions have been suggested for shark denticles, including providing protection from predators (Raschi & Tabit, ; Reif, ), holding prey against the body during feeding (Southall & Sims, ), focusing light generated by luminescent organs (Reif, c), and altering hydrodynamic flow over the body surface during locomotion (Dean & Bhushan, ; Domel et al, ; Lang, Motta, Habegger, Hueter, & Afroz, ; Lauder et al, ; Oeffner & Lauder, ; Reif, ; Reif & Dinkelacker, ). Wen et al (; Wen, Weaver, Thornycroft, & Lauder, ) have recently manufactured a biomimetic shark skin with rigid denticles embedded into a flexible skin‐like membrane and used this material to study the hydrodynamic effects of skin denticles on propulsive efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of dermal denticle structure in sharks: Skin surface roughness and three‐dimensional morphology

Ankhelyi

Wainwright

Lauder

2018

Journal of Morphology

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Shark skin is covered with numerous placoid scales or dermal denticles. While previous research has used scanning electron microscopy and histology to demonstrate that denticles vary both around the body of a shark and among species, no previous study has quantified three-dimensional (3D) denticle structure and surface roughness to provide a quantitative analysis of skin surface texture. We quantified differences in denticle shape and size on the skin of three individual smooth dogfish sharks (Mustelus canis) using micro-CT scanning, gel-based surface profilometry, and histology. On each smooth dogfish, we imaged between 8 and 20 distinct areas on the body and fins, and obtained further comparative skin surface data from leopard, Atlantic sharpnose, shortfin mako, spiny dogfish, gulper, angel, and white sharks. We generated 3D images of individual denticles and measured denticle volume, surface area, and crown angle from the micro-CT scans. Surface profilometry was used to quantify metrology variables such as roughness, skew, kurtosis, and the height and spacing of surface features. These measurements confirmed that denticles on different body areas of smooth dogfish varied widely in size, shape, and spacing. Denticles near the snout are smooth, paver-like, and large relative to denticles on the body. Body denticles on smooth dogfish generally have between one and three distinct ridges, a diamond-like surface shape, and a dorsoventral gradient in spacing and roughness. Ridges were spaced on average 56 µm apart, and had a mean height of 6.5 µm, comparable to denticles from shortfin mako sharks, and with narrower spacing and lower heights than other species measured. We observed considerable variation in denticle structure among regions on the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins, including a leading-to-trailing edge gradient in roughness for each region. Surface roughness in smooth dogfish varied around the body from 3 to 42 microns.

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Structure, biomimetics, and fluid dynamics of fish skin surfaces

Cited by 86 publications

References 41 publications

Imaging biological surface topography in situ and in vivo

Imaging biological surface topography in situ and in vivo

Orthotropic Laminated Open-cell Frameworks Retaining Strong Auxeticity under Large Uniaxial Loading

Diversity of dermal denticle structure in sharks: Skin surface roughness and three‐dimensional morphology

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