Structure and transcriptional control of the flagellar master operon of Salmonella typhimurium.

Yanagihara, Shigehiro; Iyoda, Sunao; Ohnishi, Kouhei; Iino, Tetsuo; Kutsukake, Kazuhiro

doi:10.1266/ggs.74.105

Cited by 70 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These include the autogenous and global control by H-NS on flhDC master operon expression (Kutsukake, 1997) and the initiation of flhDC transcription (Soutourina et al, 1999 ;Yanagihara et al, 1999). On the other hand, some specificities may also exist in the response of these bacteria to acidic pH (Lin et al, 1995), including the PhoPQ-mediated acid tolerance response (ATR) (Bearson et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of bacterial motility in response to low pH in Escherichia coli: the role of H-NS protein

et al. 2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effect of detrimental conditions on bacterial motility in Escherichia coli was investigated. Expression profiling of mutant E. coli strains by DNA arrays and analysis of phenotypic traits demonstrated that motility and low-pH resistance are coordinately regulated. Analysis of transcriptional fusions suggests that bacterial motility in response to an acidic environment is mediated via the control by H-NS of flhDC expression. Moreover, the results suggested that the presence of an extended mRNA 5' end and DNA topology are required in this process. Finally, the presence of a similar regulatory region in several Gram-negative bacteria implies that this mechanism is largely conserved.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of bacterial motility in response to low pH in Escherichia coli: the role of H-NS protein

et al. 2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The class 1 promoter is also known to require a number of other genes outside of the flagellar regulon for its expression (11,104,(114)(115)(116). Six transcriptional start sites have been mapped in the class 1 promoter region of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (132). It has also been demonstrated that cell cycle and flagellation are interdependent and that the flhDC genes are involved in coupling these processes (96,103).…”

Section: Class 1 Master Operonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of Flagellar Gene Expression to Flagellar Assembly in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli

Chilcott

Hughes

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

590

554

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY How do organisms assess the degree of completion of a large structure, especially an extracellular structure such as a flagellum? Bacteria can do this. Mutants that lack key components needed early in assembly fail to express proteins that would normally be added at later assembly stages. In some cases, the regulatory circuitry is able to sense completion of structures beyond the cell surface, such as completion of the external hook structure. In Salmonella and Escherichia coli, regulation occurs at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. One transcriptional regulatory mechanism involves a regulatory protein, FlgM, that escapes from the cell (and thus can no longer act) through a complete flagellum and is held inside when the structure has not reached a later stage of completion. FlgM prevents late flagellar gene transcription by binding the flagellum-specific transcription factor ς28. FlgM is itself regulated in response to the assembly of an incomplete flagellum known as the hook-basal body intermediate structure. Upon completion of the hook-basal body structure, FlgM is exported through this structure out of the cell. Inhibition of ς28-dependent transcription is relieved, and genes required for the later assembly stages are expressed, allowing completion of the flagellar organelle. Distinct posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms occur in response to assembly of the flagellar type III secretion apparatus and of ring structures in the peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide layers. The entire flagellar regulatory pathway is regulated in response to environmental cues. Cell cycle control and flagellar development are codependent. We discuss how all these levels of regulation ensure efficient assembly of the flagellum in response to environmental stimuli.

show abstract

“…This suggested that enhancement of class 2 expression might be mediated via overexpression of the FlhD and FlhC proteins in the flgM mutant. However, our recent experiment indicated that transcription of the wild type flhD operon on the chromosome is not enhanced by the flgM mutation in the absence of the multicopy flhDC + genes (Yanagihara et al, 1999). Therefore, there is a possibility that another unidentified factor(s) may be involved in regulation of the class 2 operons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…-RNA polymerase (Yanagihara et al, 1999;Ikebe et al, 1999a, b). Class 1 is under positive control of at least two global regulators, Crp and H-NS, and under negative control of its own products, FlhD and FlhC (Kutsukake, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Two novel regulatory genes, fliT and fliZ, in the flagellar regulon of Salmonella.

1999

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The flagellar operons of Salmonella are divided into three classes with respect to their transcriptional hierarchy. Expression of the class 2 operons requires the class 1 gene products, FlhD and FlhC, and is increased by mutation in the flgM gene, which encodes a class 3-specific anti-sigma factor. Here we report the identification of two novel regulatory genes for class 2 transcription. Presence of the fliZ and fliT genes on multicopy plasmids enhanced and inhibited, respectively, transcription from a chromosomal class 2 promoter. Disruption of the fliZ and fliT genes on the chromosome decreased and increased, respectively, class 2 expression. These results suggest that the fliZ and fliT genes may encode positive and negative regulatory factors, respectively, for class 2 expression. Enhancement of class 2 expression by the flgM mutation was cancelled by the coexisting fliZ mutation, indicating that FliZ is essential for this enhancement.

show abstract

Structure and transcriptional control of the flagellar master operon of Salmonella typhimurium.

Cited by 70 publications

References 35 publications

Regulation of bacterial motility in response to low pH in Escherichia coli: the role of H-NS protein

Regulation of bacterial motility in response to low pH in Escherichia coli: the role of H-NS protein

Coupling of Flagellar Gene Expression to Flagellar Assembly in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli

Two novel regulatory genes, fliT and fliZ, in the flagellar regulon of Salmonella.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About