“…That is, when the relationship is positive, grandmother involvement may be perceived as helpful and associated with better outcomes for teen mothers (Gee & Rhodes, 2003). However, when relationship problems are present, grandmother involvement may be viewed as intrusive and controlling, increasing stress for teen mothers and, in turn, compromise her parenting (e.g., Bogat, Caldwell, Guzman, Galasso, & Davidson, 1998;Davis, 2002).…”