Structure and properties of white layers formed at high velocities of friction

Shur, E. A.; Kleshcheva, I. I.

doi:10.1007/bf00754768

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…In addition, if thermal phase transformation is the only mechanism, WEL will be produced within one cycle of loading, which cannot explain why WEL is loading-history-dependent [40]. Hence, WEL is believed to be formed by a combination of these two mechanisms [25,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47]; the thermomechanical mechanism of WEL formation is illustrated in Figure 2. At the initial cycling stage, pearlitic starts to transform to austenite when the temperature rises above A1, and some of the formed austenite is transformed to martensite during the cooling process.…”

Section: The Mechanism Of Formation and Crack Extension Of The White ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of NDT Methods for Wheel Burn Detection on Rails

Zhang

Liu

Xiong

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Wheel burn can affect the wheel–rail contact state and ride quality. With long-term operation, it can cause rail head spalling or transverse cracking, which will lead to rail breakage. By analyzing the relevant literature on wheel burn, this paper reviews the characteristics, mechanism of formation, crack extension, and NDT methods of wheel burn. The results are as follows: Thermal-induced, plastic-deformation-induced, and thermomechanical-induced mechanisms have been proposed by researchers; among them, the thermomechanical-induced wheel burn mechanism is more probable and convincing. Initially, the wheel burns appear as an elliptical or strip-shaped white etching layer with or without deformation on the running surface of the rails. In the latter stages of development, this may cause cracks, spalling, etc. Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing, Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Testing, Eddy Current Testing, Acoustic Emission Testing, and Infrared Thermography Testing can identify the white etching layer, and surface and near-surface cracks. Automatic Visual Testing can detect the white etching layer, surface cracks, spalling, and indentation, but cannot detect the depth of rail defects. Axle Box Acceleration Measurement can be used to detect severe wheel burn with deformation.

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