Structure and Properties of Cellulose and Its Derivatives

Heinze, Thomas; Seoud, Omar A. El; Koschella, Andreas

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73168-1_2

Cited by 28 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 322 publications

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“…Within the last few decades of our century, renewable fuels, energies, and materials have gained increasing attention [ 1 ]. With an annual production of around

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tons, cellulose is by far the most abundant natural material on Earth [ 2 ]. It is obtained in significant amounts as a by-product in the agricultural and food industry, where it is mostly pyrolyzed [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the latter case, around 50 mol-% of the cations in the IL reacted with sulfur to form the carbene adducts within 24 h at 25 °C, emphasizing the importance of this reaction pathway. Such a reactivity is clearly unwanted in the case of dissolving cellulose; it has been reported that NHCs can lead to a molar mass reduction of cellulose [ 2 ], i.e., a degradation of the polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dissolving Cellulose in 1,2,3-Triazolium- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids with Aromatic Anions

et al. 2020

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We present 1,2,3-triazolium- and imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with aromatic anions as a new class of cellulose solvents. The two anions in our study, benzoate and salicylate, possess a lower basicity when compared to acetate and therefore should lead to a lower amount of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in the ILs. We characterize their physicochemical properties and find that all of them are liquids at room temperature. By applying force field molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigate the structure and dynamics of the liquids and find strong and long-lived hydrogen bonds, as well as significant π–π stacking between the aromatic anion and cation. Our ILs dissolve up to 8.5 wt.-% cellulose. Via NMR spectroscopy of the solution, we rule out chain degradation or derivatization, even after several weeks at elevated temperature. Based on our MD simulations, we estimate the enthalpy of solvation and derive a simple model for semi-quantitative prediction of cellulose solubility in ILs. With the help of Sankey diagrams, we illustrate the hydrogen bond network topology of the solutions, which is characterized by competing hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. The hydrogen bonds between cellulose and the anions possess average lifetimes in the nanosecond range, which is longer than found in common pure ILs.

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“…Within the last few decades of our century, renewable fuels, energies, and materials have gained increasing attention [ 1 ]. With an annual production of around

–

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolving Cellulose in 1,2,3-Triazolium- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids with Aromatic Anions

et al. 2020

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“…Trimethylsilyl cellulose (TMSC) is a preferred cellulose derivative for cellulose thin films (Klebe and Finkbeiner, 1969; Cooper et al, 1981; Heinze et al, 2018). Dissolving TMSC in toluene and coating on a substrate (silicon, gold coated) results in thin and homogeneous TMSC films.…”

Section: Cellulose Film Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Nano-Films as Bio-Interfaces

Raghuwanshi

Garnier

2019

Front. Chem.

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Cellulose, the most abundant polymer on earth, has enormous potential in developing bio-friendly, and sustainable technological products. In particular, cellulose films of nanoscale thickness (1–100 nm) are transparent, smooth (roughness <1 nm), and provide a large surface area interface for biomolecules immobilization and interactions. These attractive film properties create many possibilities for both fundamental studies and applications, especially in the biomedical field. The three liable—OH groups on the monomeric unit of the cellulose chain provide schemes to chemically modify the cellulose interface and engineer its properties. Here, the cellulose thin film serves as a substrate for biomolecules interactions and acts as a support for bio-diagnostics. This review focuses on the challenges and opportunities provided by engineering cellulose thin films for controlling biomolecules interactions. The first part reviews the methods for preparing cellulose thin films. These are by dispersing or dissolving pure cellulose or cellulose derivatives in a solvent to coat a substrate using the spin coating, Langmuir-Blodgett, or Langmuir-Schaefer method. It is shown how different cellulose sources, preparation, and coating methods and substrate surface pre-treatment affect the film thickness, roughness, morphology, crystallinity, swelling in water, and homogeneity. The second part analyses the bio-macromolecules interactions with the cellulose thin film interfaces. Biomolecules, such as antibodies and enzymes, are adsorbed at the cellulose-liquid interface, and analyzed dry and wet. This highlights the effect of film surface morphology, thickness, crystallinity, water intake capacity, and surface pre-treatment on biomolecule adsorption, conformation, coverage, longevity, and activity. Advance characterization of cellulose thin film interface morphology and adsorbed biomolecules interactions are next reviewed. X-ray and neutron scattering/reflectivity combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), microscopy, and ellipsometer allow visualizing, and quantifying the structural morphology of cellulose-biomolecule interphase and the respective biomolecules conformations, kinetics, and sorption mechanisms. This review provides a novel insight on the advantages and challenges of engineering cellulose thin films for biomedical applications. This is to foster the exploration at the molecular level of the interaction mechanisms between a cellulose interface and adsorbed biomolecules with respect to adsorbed molecules morphology, surface coverage, and quantity. This knowledge is to engineer a novel generation of efficient and functional biomedical devices.

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“…Functionalization reactions on cellulose have been the focus of some scientific research for many years [ 18 , 38 – 40 ]. Therefore, a wide range of reactions have been reported to date.…”

Section: Introduction To Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional paper-based materials for diagnostics

et al. 2021

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Functional papers are the subject of extensive research efforts and have already become an irreplaceable part of our modern society. Among other issues, they enable fast and inexpensive detection of a plethora of analytes and simplify laboratory work, for example in medical tests. This article focuses on the molecular and structural fundamentals of paper and the possibilities of functionalization, commercially available assays and their production, as well as on current and future challenges in research in this field. Graphic abstract

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Structure and Properties of Cellulose and Its Derivatives

Cited by 28 publications

References 322 publications

Dissolving Cellulose in 1,2,3-Triazolium- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids with Aromatic Anions

Dissolving Cellulose in 1,2,3-Triazolium- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids with Aromatic Anions

Cellulose Nano-Films as Bio-Interfaces

Functional paper-based materials for diagnostics

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